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la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  das  symboies  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
demiAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
caa:  ie  symboie  -^-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Lea  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmte  i  dea  taux  de  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
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de  Tangle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite. 
et  de  heut  sn  baa,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nteessaire.  Les  disgrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^   D. 


f> 


^fW.  1  ."K^^l-^ll-^SHtli.. 


6 


ProoeedingB  of  the  Bcstou  Society  of  Natural  History. 

Vou  28,  No.  15, 
]).  375-407. 


STUDIES  IN   THE  GOLD-BEARING  SLATES  OF  NOVA  SCOTIA. 


By  J.  Edmund  Woodman. 


/ 


WITH     THREE    I'LATEH. 


BOSTON: 
PRINTED  FOR  THE   SOCIETY. 
Mahch,  1899. 


.6 


No.  1."). —  tStndiesiit  the  (rolil-hrdrinf/  Shites  of  Xomt  ,Scotia. 
J)\   J.  Ki)Mr\i)  \V(i()i»MA.v. 
\V///i  f/iri-e  plates. 
CONTEXTS. 

Geiienil  statciiKMit 

^Stmeture  and  clianvctiTi.stics  of  imrtioiis  of  IIalifa.v_iiiul  Culchustur 
countios 

Scdiiuc'iits 

Veins  

Structure 

()ie,s 

Krui)tives 

Deiiudatinii 

History  of  tlie  series         .         .  

Summary  of  early  studies 

Problems  for  solution       .......... 

Literature 

(ii:M;i;Ai,   S  iatkmknt. 


■.K\,V, 

37", 


;j7o 
;)7!» 
;i85 

:5r-0 
S02 
.3!  12 
;!i)4 

;]98 

401 

4();i 


Alono;  the  .Vtluiitic  sido  ot'  Xova  Scotia  a  series  of  <iolil-l)eariii(v 
rocks  e.KteiKis  from  Cape  Caiiso  irre<,nilarl\'  westward  to  Variiioutli, 
ill  a  belt  wliicli  aveniycs  froni  tt'ii  to  forty  miles  in  width.  It 
(•overs  an  area  estimated  at  somewiiat  over  (i.OliO  s<|nare  miles;  but 
fully  half  must  he  deducted  for  the  many  intrusidiis  of  o;raiiitic 
rocks.  The  sediments  consist  of  -^iMte.  saii<lstoiie,  ((uarlzite,  chlo- 
ritic  sliite.  .ind  schist,  .'ilw.iys  pyritifcroiis,  ;ind  here  and  tliere  a 
coniilonierate.  Tiiey  have  been  prol'nundly  metatnor|ilh)sed,  Ixdli 
by  dyn.imic  and  ioncous  ai;eiicies.  .Xo  fossils  are  known  from 
tliem,  and  their  exact  atre  is  in  doubt.  From  tiie  best  frayineiits 
of  evidence,  liowever.  they  iniiy  be  reuarded  as  probably  Ahjon- 
kiaii.  Hetween  ;iiid  occasionally  cultino;  the  strata  arc  veins  of 
(|iiart/  .and  calcitc  containinu,-  o(dd,  botii  free  and  in  the  various 
sul|ihides,  which  are  abundiint.  'i'he  sediments  themselves  are 
impreo'iiateil  witii  sulphiilcs,  o;old  beiiio-  t'oiind  at  considerable  di.s- 
tanees  from  veins.  The  whole  mass,  sediments  and  veins  alike, 
Inis  been  thrown  into  east-west  f(.lds,  and  cross-folded  and  faulted 
north  ami  south;  and  the  crests  of  these  f(dds  have  been  denuded, 
ti.viiig  the  location  of  the  roughly  elliptical  inining  are.is. 


/T'+l 


arc      PROCKEDINGS:   BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  IHSTOHY. 

I)urin<-  the  season  of  1S1)7  I  visited  a  nun.l.er  of  the  most  l.rom- 
isin..  portions  of  the  series,  with  the  intention  of  aeeiphermir  its 
historv,  ns  fur  as  opportunity  allo^ve.l.  A  review  of  eertam  points 
was  possible  .hirin-  the  foliowin-  season.  ^Vlueh  worlv  hasbeen 
done  l.v  loeal  .'eoh)trists  in  exploiting?  siiio-le  areas;  but,  as  iar  as 
the  literature  shows;no  attempt  lias  been  made  before  to  eonneet 
the  bits  of  evidence  which  li'o  t..  make  up  the  story  of  the  rocks. 
The  re.--ion  stmlied  includes  many  of  the  exp..M.rcs  ..ver  an  area 
,.ou..lil\"estimated  at  thirty  miles  s.iuare  in  the  counties  ,.f  Ilantax 
and"^C'nlchestcr,  and  stratiirraphically  near  the  center  of  the  series, 
wher."  the  auriferous  slates  and  veins  are  most  prominent.  Special 
attention  was  paid  to  Moose  IJiver  Mines,  (iay's  IJiver  .Mines,  Wav- 

erlv,  and  Cow  I'.ay.  . 

i  am  unvatlv  indebted  in  the  prosccuti.)n  ot  the  research  to  I  rot. 
N.  S.  Siialer,"and  to  the  othcers  (.f  the  several  miniii>r  companies  in 
whose  sliafts  and  tunnels  I  W(>rke<l. 


StUUCTIUK      am.      (^lEAKA.TKlMSTl.S      oF       I'oKTIONS 
AM)     C'ol.t  UKSTKK     ColNriKS. 


(iK      IIaI.'I'AX 


.S«^-/,/r///,s,  — Two  main   divisioib  of  the  series  were  early  recog- 
nized bv  Campbell  (V,:!).     Of  these  only  the  lower,  calle.l  by  him 
the  .pia'rtzite  <rroup,  contains  workable  i)ed<led   veins.     The  latter 
arc  exposed  iuTermittently  in  belts,  especially  east  of  Mount  Tniake. 
The  slates  vary  in  texture,  but  their  (d.ief  differences  are  due  to 
secondary  causes.      The  color  is   usually  bluish;    frequently,  how- 
ever   altered  to  oreen   bv  chlorite,  to    l,rown   by  the  oxidation   ot 
pvrite   or  to  a  <rrav  bv  the  loss  of  iron  upon  highly  weathered  Mir- 
fac.c.      Alternati.ms  of  color  in   some  i-laces  are  fre.pient,  while  in 
others  considerable  masses  may  be    uniforuu     This  depends  upon 
how  thinlv  the  rocks  arc  beddcl.     Often,  in  the  coarser  si'dimcnts, 
leaves  of"schistose  slate,  onlv  a  fraction   of  an  inch  thick,  will  be 
found   i.ersistent  for  many  feet.      Again,  it   is  a   common   condition 
for  isolated  sheets  and    lenses  of  slate  to  occur  m   the   mnlst  of  a 
massive  bed  of  sandstone.  _     ^^ 

The  arenaceous  sediments  include  what  the  miners  call  -  wlim. 
This  term,  oriuinallv  used   by  llutt.ui  in  the  sense  of  trap,  and  still 
employed 'in  Cornwall   with  the  same  meaning,   has    been   ai-phe.l 
hn-e  to  anv  kiu.l  of  rock,  other  than  slate,  which   cannot   be  mmed. 


St 

1 


PHiiPpBIIWiWP»B«y!««ww^"'     , 


WOODMAN';  OOLD-BKAHINCi    SLATi:S   OF    NOVA    SCOTIA.       .'^77 


Thus,  one  lu-ars  of  Uu'  tlirt'o-fold  division  of  tlic  sciics  into  ore,  slate, 
ami  whin  —  tiio  erroneous  idea  ]trevaiHn<f  that  neitlier  slate  nor 
whin  is  availahle  as  ore.  As  a  wliolc,  these  coarser  sediments 
are  tiiickiy  he(hU'il,  ami  coniparatively  uniform  in  eolor  and  texture 
throuirh  a  coiisidcrulile  tliicknc  ss.  They  vary,  however,  in  degree 
of  consolidation  from  (juite  friable  sandstone  to  dense  qnart/ite  ;  and, 
although  prevailingly  tine-grained,  they  gra<le  into  ])elites  on  the 
oni'  side  and,  through  grits,  into  congliunerates  on  the  other. 
'I'heir  color  is  gciicrnlly  dark  green  in  unaltt'red  spccinii'iis ;  u))on 
weathering  first  licconiing  brown  tliroutih  o.\idati(Hi  of  sulphides, 
then  bleaching  to  a  yellowish  whiti'. 

-At  .Aioosc  K'iver  .Mines  and  at  Wavcrly  the  sediments  can  be 
s;  idled  readily.  In  the  fonticr  settlement  artificial  outcrops  are 
fi»c,  but  a  number  of  vertical  faces  in  (piarries  can  be  used.  At 
V\  a\  ei'ly  t'lere  are  few  pits,  and  tju'  shafts  follow  veins;  but  nat- 
;n-  d  expos;.:",,  e:.n  be  found,  including  a  total  of  several  iiundred 
fi'ct  of  strata. 

\*e!.!:in:ial  m"t:nn(:rphisni  affects  the  whole  series.  IJoth  coarse 
i,n'(  line  "oi-k ,  lur.t  bee.'  l,ar<lened,  although  subse(pu'ntly  rcnch'red 
i:s  i|o  b'  '•i.'ava'j,( .  .Muscovite,  chlorite,  and  calcite  have  been 
i]c.ji>']ied  in  vo;- o  .'a.-u  ;  along  liedding  planes,  in  others  along 
clea\aij;e  planes.  .\  l:ii'i;c  proportion  of  the  sandstone  has  been 
altereil  to  :i  ro;  k  which  alw.ays  has  been  called  i|uai'lzit<'  by  students 
of  the  seri(>s.  It  breaks  with  the  lustrous  fiacture  noticeable  in  that 
sp.'cies;  but  mi<'roscoiiic  exainimition  shows  that  much  of  it  is  in  a 
state  which  will  not  permit  the  use  of  the  term.  In  these  cases 
secondarv-  deposition  of  silica  is  slight,  while  chlorite  and  muscovite 
are  devi  ioped  somewhat;  calcite  is  abumlant,  giving  free  effer- 
vescence with,  acid.  'I'his  is  noteworthy,  in  view  of  the  statement 
of  several  observers  ((Jilpin. 'ss,  mid  others)  that  little  lime  is  to 
be  found  in  the  siuies.  In  some  cases  it  is  not  possilde  to  tell 
whether  the  muscovite  is  fragmental  or  secondary,  because  of  the 
small  size  of  the  particles.  Occasionally  the  sediments  become 
chlorilic  schists  or  mica-schists,  and  in  many  more  instanci's  the 
microscope  reveals  distinct  schistosity  in  a  minute  way. 

'['he  presence  and  position  of  sulphi'h's  ami  sul]ih-arsenid''s  in 
both  classes  of  fr.agmental  rocks  ami  in  veins  deser\-e  separate 
trealment.  (iilpiii  ('S-J)  mentions,  as  accessory  to  the  gold,  "  sul- 
]iliidcs  and  arsenides  of  iron,  gjilena.  blende,  copper  ]>yrites,  o.vide 
of  iron,  copper  glance,  molybdi'iiite,  native  copper,"  etc.     The  prin- 


s 
-% 

1 


.'U«     PROCKEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIKTY  NATURAL  HISTORY, 


cipal  sulphides  are  pyrito,  arsoiiopyritc.  c-halcopyrite,  and  galona. 
The  ffalciia  occurs  only  in  veins,  so  far  as  my  observations  go. 
Tiie  others  are  present  in  l)otli  veins  aiul  sedinu'iits,  and  inucii 
the  yohl  is  locked  up  in  liieni.  I'yrite  occurs  in  small  cubes  and 
minute  granules,  rarely  in  masses  of  several  crystals;  arsenoi)yrite 
is  fouiul  in  tyj)ical  striated  prisms,  often  half  an  iiu'h  long,  and  in 
massive  form;  chalc(>pyrite  exists  chiefly  in  irregular  masses. 

Pyrite  is  the  most  abundant  sulphide,  and  in  the  sediments  its 
atthude  is  characteristic.  The  strata  have  planes  of  division, 
unevenly  distributeil.  which  mark  the  more  abrupt  changes  in 
texture  and  color,  and  along  which  the  fissility  is  more  marke<l. 
These  may  lie  called  major  planes  of  division.  Hetween  them  are 
other  minor  planes  at  which  the  cohesion  is  greater,  and  which 
represent  smaller  changes  ii.  the  conditions  of  sedinu'utation.  In 
the  slates  the  pyrite  lies  along  major  planes  of  division,  and  in 
some  cases  along  minor  ones,  and  is  scattered  sparingly  through 
the  mass  of  the  stratum.  Rarely  it  is  irregularly  distributed  in  large 
()uantities  within  the  bed.  'i'his  position  is  so  v'onstant  that,  Avhcre 
stratification  in  the  slate  cannot  be  deciphered  by  color-bands  and 
is  obscured  by  cleavage,  layers  of  ]>yrite,  if  present,  serve  to  give 
strike  and  dii).  rsuallv  the  mineral  is  abundant  alone:  the  base  of 
a  layer  a»  d  decreases  upward.  In  other  instances  it  is  jdentiful  in 
the  center  of  a  bed  and  concentrated  again  at  the  division-jtlane. 
In  the  coarser  strata  it  is  less  regular  in  distribution,  but  in  general 
follows  the  same  rules  as  in  the  slates.  In  veins  a  considerable 
amount  is  to  be  found,  but  it  has  no  regularity  of  position.  Fre- 
((uently  it  protrudes  from  the  sediments  into  the  (juart/.  On  the 
borders  pyrite  is  often  collected  in  sheets,  chiefly  on  the  hanging- 
Avall.  It  is  less  abiMidanl  or  absent  on  the  foot-wall.  In  the  oxi- 
dized /one  near  the  siu'face,  all  this  is  brought  out  clcarlv;  below 
that  it  is  not  so  easy  to  tind. 

Arsenopyritc  occurs  most  almndantly  in  the  \,hin,  <listributed 
irregularly,  often  with  its  crystals  lying  at  an  angle  to  the  bcddinsx- 
jilanes.  It  is  also  situated  sparingly  along  these  planes,  and  in  a  few 
cases  has  been  seen  to  lie  directly  across  them,  part  being  in  one 
stratum,  and  pa.'t  in  the  other.  In  veins  it  is  common  in  massive 
form,  but  crystals  are  comparatively  rare. 

The  whole  metamorphic  series  is  cleaved  strongly.  The  strike 
of  tlie  laminae  averages  not  far  from  that  of  the  rocks  in  many 
localities,  and  is  persistent  throughout  the  series,  showing  unity  in 


WOODMAN:   GOLD-BEARING   SLATES   OF   NOVA   SCOTIA.       <J7i» 


the  force  which  produced  it.  SlatCH  show  tliis  cleavage  to  a  iiigli 
degree.  In  many  places  the  rock  is  given  the  siieen  peculiar  to 
these  stages  of  metaniorphisni  of  slates  on  the  way  to  becoming 
mica  schists  aiul  chloritic  schists.  The  presence  of  the  oxidized 
zone  has  not  affected  the  degree  of  fissility  to  any  marked  extent  in 
the  region  as  a  whole.  Cleavage  has  more  varied  effects  upon 
whin,  which  is  quite  brittle.  Deep  below  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
the  rock  to  the  eye  presents  little  fissiliiy ;  Init  in  the  oxidized  zone 
it  is  cleavetl  strongly  in  most  instances,  falling  to  pieces  with  ease 
under  the  pick.  No  doubt  this  result  is  aided  bv  the  stretchint;  of 
pyrite,  tiie  crystals  of  which  lie  at  the  major  planes  of  division  ;  and 
the  rusting  of  the  sulphides  and  separation  of  the  strata  give  a 
serrated  ajipearance  to  the  cross-section  of  the  beds  thus  affected. 
Upon  ch)se  examination,  this  serration  is  seen  to  be  due,  in  some 
places  at  least,  to  strain  slip  cleavage.  Two  places  show  this  well. 
The  first  is  at  Moose  IJiver  ]\Iines,  on  the  eastern  face  of  a  large 
<|uarry.  The  second  is  at  West  Waverly,  about  three  hundred  feet 
south  of  the  old  cruslier  west  of  the  railroad  track.  Heir  a  mimber 
of  parallel  thin  lenses  of  slate,  none  of  them  more  than  a  few  iiu'hes 
in  length,  have  been  so  sheared  by  the  cleavage  as  to  present  tlie 
appearance  of  a  series  of  ragged  fringes  overlapping  one  another, 
and  gi\  iiig  the  impression  of  involved  igneous  contacts. 

The  tissility  is  not  ail  vertical;  nor  are  its  i)lanes  parallel  over 
considerable  areas,  but  (hii  now  to  the  north,  now  to  the  south, 
always  at  a  high  angle.  The  axial  planes  between  the  two  sets  of 
dips,  while  in  the  nuiiu  parallel  to  those  of  the  folds  tirst  formed  in 
the  sediments,  are  not  coincident  with  the  latter,  Init  may  lie  any- 
where between  the  axes  of  the  anticlines.  The  series  is  trav- 
ersed by  many  joints.  For  the  most  ])art  the  systems  formed  by 
them  are  oidy  local,  and  often  several  systems  are  to  be  found  in 
the  same  teriitor, . 

Vti/i.t. — ^  The  chief  interest  in  this  series  attaches  to  the  gold- 
bearing  stratified  veins,  often  called  "leads."  These  are  from  a 
fraction  of  an  iiu'ii  to  six  feet  in  thickness  and  in  nu)st  cases  of 
unknown  length  and  depth.  ."Many  have  ])een  traced  for  a  large 
fraction  of  a  mile  by  intermittent  outcrops,  and  this  is  probably  only 
a  small  portion  of  their  total  length.  Apparently  they  are  not  of 
unlimited  extent,  but  die  out  and  are  replaced  by  others  on  adja- 
cent planes.  This  has  been  reported  from  many  mines,  but  has  not 
been   observed   by  me.     Tliey   lie  strictly   in   the  bedding  of  the 


!■■ 


.'J-'^o    i'i{()('F,Ki)iN(;s:  Mdsro.N  sDfir/rv  XAiritAi,  nisrom'. 

.HL'iliriH'iils  as  a  nik',  IciiviiiLr  it  only  ii>  cut  across  alirii)itly  from  one 
slratmii|ilanc  to  aimtluT.  Tliis  irrciriilarity  is  never  so  extensive  as 
in  llie  case  ol'  n  any  veins  liHinLr  oiilinary  (issi.ies;  and  ot'ten  llie 
structure  of  a  reyion  can  lie  (ieci|)lu'reil  hv  the  inclination  ot"  the 
shatt-heads.  In  position,  they  :.oMietinies  lie  liet ween  strata  of 
•slati'.  still  more  often  on  the  contact  hetwecn  slate  anil  sainlstone 
or  ijuartzili',  ami  very  seldom  lieiween  licds  of  sandv  material.  It 
is  common  for  a  nundier  of  veins  to  lie  parallel,  separated  liy  a  few 
inches  of  coimlry-roclc ;  and  these  can  uenerally  Ik-  prov«'d  to  have 
connection  with  each  other.  Uoth  .Moose  l{iv«'r  am!  Waveilv 
show  this.  In  the  latter  villai;-e  the  ••  harrel  lead  "  east  of  the  lakes 
'•.■i  composed  in  places  of  parallel  sheets  o,  <,ii;,rtz,  separated  inter- 
mittently liy  thin  l.imin.ae  of  slate,  the  whole  formintr  one  lari;e 
vein.  In  m'vv  many  places  striiiirefs,  loi'idly  ciiled  "  ,intj;u!ars.*"  run 
out  from  the  imiin  veins  into  the  country-rock,  ahove  and  lielow  ; 
and  it  is  claimed  hy  niineis  that  they  ;n-e  most  almiidanl  in  the 
haiiij;int:-w.ill  of  a  >-rol|,"  and  indicate  the  pro.\iiinty  of  a  pocket  of 
ii'old. 

The  .(imposition  of  the  vein  lillinu'  is  imil'orm.  I'.y  far  the  l;iro-ei- 
l)art.  of  the  <_r;uioii(.  is  (pi.irt/.,  nhich  in  many  places  is  the  onlv 
mineral;  but  oft<'n  calcite  is  plentiful,  erraiically  distrihuted.  There 
is  no  detiiiite  order  of  ui'owth,  and  freipiviitly  the  <juartz  an<l  .•,ai- 
cite  are  indiscriminately  min!.:le(I  ;  yet  in  some  cases  (|uart/.  lines 
the  walls,  ami  calcite  iilN  the  interior.  The  former  is  iisnallv  com- 
pac',,  liut  seldom  of  the  density  and  wh'leness  seiMi  in  manv  of  the 
north-south  liarreii  I'ssure-veins.  m  pla-'cs  it  has  a  cellular  struc- 
ture, sh'lw^l^•  sn;-eessions  of  oi',,\vtli  in  the  eryst.als;  'jirelv  driisv 
cavitio  ari'  seen  in  the  center  of  tiie  veins,  with  free  ,'rystal  terini- 
nati'iiis  projectini;-  into  them.  I''re<pienlly  the  .pnirtz  h;is  been 
given  a  souk  what  mealy  ;ippearance  by  the  crushing;  wliich  it  has 
CMulured.  Indeed,  in  its  ueiufally  shatterei]  .md  fra<iiiient;irv  state, 
most  noticeable  in  thin  veins,  but  observable  often  in  thick  ones,  it 
be.irs  witness  to  the  action  of  powerful  oroufiiic  forces.  The  most 
comjilete  shatterinii'  of  the  rocks,  accompained  by  small  dislocations, 
usually  is  found  wlu're  the  folds  pluiiifo  east  and  west;  and  for 
the  most  part  the  be, bled  veins  have  mif  t.aken  .advantaire  oi  the 
comlitions.  .Much  secondary  u'rowth  has  taken  place,  Later  addi- 
tion.-, of  (piart/,  in  some  instam-es,  increasinu-  the  thickiu'ss  of  the 
veins  several  fold.  This  is  especi.dly  true  in  "  rolls,"  to  be  described 
later,  where  the  larLcest  aimiuiU  of  aicretion  is  to  l»e  observed.      In 


■CM 


WOODMAN;    GOLD-BEAlUNG   SLATES   OF   NOVA    SCOTIA.      '^><\ 

places  tlir  siici-cssivi'  lii't-rs  oj-  otik  rations  nf  tjriiwtli  ciii  lie  si'eii 
•listiiictly,  s'.'ii:ir:it('(l  t'rum  ouv  aiiotluT  lt\  lilms  i.t'  itn|imitU's  or  liy 
<liftVreiict's  in  tlic  aliyniiu'iit  of  thu  la\\.'rs  of  <|iiart/. 

Ill  rci^anl  to  the  ofi;^iii  of  tlic  hcdlcil  veins,  two  views  have  lieeu 
liehl.  as  :ote(l  in  tlie  liislorieai  portion  of  this  paper.  The  possi- 
liilily  tiiat  all  tlie  iiaii<fiie  was  depositeil  as  a  nieelianieal  oi  ehenii- 
oal  pre'jipitate  in  open  water  was  early  ilenieil.  and  siiieo  (STO  lias 
not  lieen  defei.deii.  Fissures  which  ex'eml  al  ove  and  below  the 
main  veins,  crossings  fi-om  one  stratum  to  another,  ai  il  horses  of 
euunlry-ro'k  enchtsed  in  tiu'  (|uai/  are  irrefutahie  ai'tiumeiits 
a;j;ainst  this  view. 

Tiiere  is  another  hy)>othesis,  ho'vi  ■  •,  whieli  it  woidd  Ix-  well  to 
eonsider,  altlioU!.!;h  il  has  not  appe.ared  in  p.int  liefore.  'I'he  sntj- 
yestion  h;is  i)ccn  made  that  the  veins  licuan  ;'s  tilrns  of  se(limenl:iry 
silica,  and  that  tiiey  h.'ve  <:i()wn  ,  seeoiitlury  depositicui  of  mate- 
rial which  has  entered  in  solution,  ',n  the  iiMial  manner  There 
i'eitainly  has  lieeii  u'rowth.  amouiitiiiL;  in  some  instances  to  much 
more  than  ihe  oriu-iiial  thickness  of  tlie  vi'in,  and  siihse.pieiil  lo  it-- 
iirst  formation.  \>\\i  where  are  we  to  look  for  lilms  of  silica 
deposited  in  the  sea,  and.  where  not?  is  such  a  iirimary  layer 
present  tlirouuhoiit  the  leuutli  of  a  sinirle  veinV  !f  so.  especially  in 
tile  case  of  the  loiiuest  oni's,  there  mii-t  have  lieeii  a  remark, ilile 
uniformitv  of  coiidilioiis  on  the  sea-hottoin;  if  not,  considerahlo 
portions  were  foianed  l>y  ordinary  methods.  .Moreover,  where  the 
urowth  of  the  veins  can  lie  stiulied  in  the  Held,  the  evidence  "s  d 
continual  accretion  inward,  on  hoth  sides,  as  in  other  lis-^ure-vein;-, 
and  not  fri'iii  a  central  primary  layer  outward.  In  addition  to  this, 
the  Held  conditions  do  not  point  to  a  sedimentary  oriuin  of  i^////  of 
the  (jiiart/..  We  know  that  silica  can  he  dissolv-.'cl.  to  an  apprcciaMe 
extent,  in  water  of  ordinary  temperatures ;  hut  deposition  of  the 
suli^tance  in  continuous  sheets  of  some  size  would  retpiire  a  jiri'vious 
eoiicentratio.i  of  material  from  a  lar;j,er  reui<in  tlian  it  is  easy  to 
credit.  .^Lr.aiii,  such  a  siihslam  of  necessity  could  he  deposited  in 
a  pure  state  onlv  in  jilac'es  w  here  no  mud  ami  ,,|ii('r  coirser  foreign 
p.irticles  were  lieinu  drojipeil.  ^'e1  we  timl  alirupt  transitions  from 
silica  to  slate,  and  from  silica  to  coarse  s.and.  the  ))nrticles  of  which 
must  have  heeii  deposited  in  water  havinu-  a  very  appreciable 
motion. 

It  .seems  as  thouuh  no  more  jiroof  th;iii  lias  been  uiven  by  previ- 
<ins  writers  is  necess.arv  to  show  that   these  are   ttssmc-voins,   and 


^5«2     PROCEEDINGS  :   BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

that  the  differeMco   between    them  and   others  is  n;erely  in  their 
attitude  and  ./le  chanieter  and  origin  of  tlie  fissures. 

If  the  quartz  an.l   lalcite   are   not   directly  sedinienfirv  in  their 
nature,  they  must  liave  one  or  more  of  three  origins.     They  came 
from  below,  or  from    th6    surrou.iding   rc.cks    of   about   the  same 
horizon,  or    from    above.     If   they  descended,  tlie   soh.tions  n.ust 
have  been  coM,  an.l  the  same  probably  may  be  said  if  lateral  secre- 
tion accounts  for  their  presence.     There  were  no  cross-fissures,  else 
the  water  would  have  deposited  its  burden  in  them.      If  any  gold 
existed  in  the  sediments,  its  collection   might  have  Invn  effec-red  ; 
but  the  concentration  of  gold  aj.pear.s  to  have  taLen  place  for  the 
most  part  at  a  later  date  than  that  of    the  formation  of  the  first 
crevices.     .Solutions  would  penetrate  more  readily  the  coarser  and 
looser  te.vtured  sandstones,  and  the  Hner  grai.i  of\he  i)elites  beiow 
would  cause  .Iep.,sition  of  minerals  along  the  contact.     ]5ut  we  find 
veins  at  the  under  as  well  as  the  uj-per  contacts  of  slate  strata.      If 
the  clay  intercepted  .lescending  solutions,  tJie  veins  ouoht    to    be 
most  fre.juent  in  the  upper  portion  of   the   series,  where  there  is 
abundant   opjiortunify  for  such  interruption.     Hut  they  are  by  far 
the  nu.st  common  near  the  middle,  where  the  proportion  of  "slate 
to  sandstone  is  greatest. 

Against  lateral  secretion  tiie  same  arguments  liold,  in  part.  The 
coarser  l.eds  ,lo  not  look  as  though  much  silica  had  been  carried 
through  them  in  solution,  for  they  have  comparatively  little  sec- 
ondary growth  on  the  .,uart/.  grains.  The  silica  nece.'sarv  for  the 
form.ation  of  the  veins  would  have  necessitated  an  extensive  leach- 
ing of  the  surrounding  rocks,  and  would  liave  l-ft  its  mark  in  the 
condition  of  th.,se  ro.'ks;  an.l  the  arenaccus  se.liments,  whi.^h  were 
f..rmed  principally  fn.m  s.'m.l,  woui.l  pr..bably  have  .-eceivcl  mo.st 
of  the  veins. 

It  is  m..re  natural,  ami  in  better  a.'cord  with  the  fa.-ts.  to  suppose 
that,  allliough  (he  veihs  lie  parallel  to  stratiticati<.n  planes,  they 
came  fn.m  bcl.nv  in  tli.'  sarue  wny  th;it  manv  ..I hers  have  .lone,  and 
were  formed  tr..ni  hot  waters  which  b^.re  varh.us  substances  in 
solution.  Their  .listribution  appears  to  have  no  reference  to  a  pos- 
sible L.cal  supply,  but  .Iocs  .agree  with  planes  of  weakness  alon..- 
which  they  .■..ul.l  f..rce  their  w.ay  un.ler  pressure.  There  is  much 
cal.'it.'  in  the  cement  ..f  the  arenaceous  se.liments;  an.l  it  mi-ht  be 
suppoae.l  that  at  le.ast  this  portion  of  the  ..-antrm.  came  fronrthem 
But  usually  it  is  either  closely  mi.xed    with  the   .piartz  ..r  tills  the 


WOODMAN:  GOLD-BKAUING   SLATES  OF  NOVA   SCOTIA.       ii^'i 


interior  of  tlie  vein,  and  tlius  appears  to  have  a  common  origin 
with  the  silica,  and  to  liave  entered  tlie  fissures  at  tlie  same  period. 

Tliere  are  very  many  veins  tillinji  crevices  not  coincident  with 
stratification.  These  inclu<le,  as  one  chiss,  stringers  connecting 
various  bechled  veins,  and  the  "angulars"  running  off- from  tliein  ; 
but  they  belong  to  the  age  of  the  main  leads,  and  need  not  be  con- 
sidered here.  In  addition  there  are  "  cross-leads,"  as  they  are  called 
locally,  younger  than  the  others  and  independent  of  them,  ami  till- 
ing irregular  crevices  or  regular  Joints  o;-  fault-planes.  In  Nova 
Scotia  tliey  belong,  in  part,  to  a  series  running  in  jdancs  of  disloca- 
tion forme<l  at  the  soci)nd  period  of  folding  and  faulting,  but 
cj-ratically  distributed,  and  not  occupying  all  the  faulted  area.  I'or 
the  otliers  it  is  impossible  to  find  any  system.  ^Most  of  these  ami  a 
large  number  of  the  former  are  liarren  ;  liut  at  ("ow  Bay  a  definite 
series  oi'curs,  cai-rying  a  fair  anmunt  of  ore. 

"^I'lie  veins  at  tliat  locality  lie  in  nearly  vertical  fissures  striking  in 
gc^neral  N.'J.")'  \V..  and  intersecting  rocks  which  have  the  usual 
strike  and  an  average  dip  of  4i)  S.  The  gangue  is  chiefly  quartz, 
witii  some  calcite.  Pyrite  and  arsenopyrite  are  abundant,  the  latter 
ma.-sive.  (Jalena  and  s])halerite  are  more  common  than  in  tlie 
bedded  veins,  and  often  are  associated  closely  with  gold,  wliich  is 
found  free  as  well  as  in  sulphides.  The  structure  of  the  gangue  is 
oTi  the  whole  nmch  more  open  and  cellular  than  in  stratified  leads, 
and  drusy  cavities  in  the  center  of  the  mass  are  fre(pu'nt,  sometimes 
filled  with  galena  and  sphalerite.  The  (piarf /,  lies  in  part  in  distinct 
crystals  perpendicular  to  the  walls,  in  layers  separated  by  films  of 
impurities.  However,  in  the  larger  veins  Mie  g;ingue  is  (|uite  dense. 
The  sulphides  occur  chiefly  in  the  middle,  and  evidently  were  among 
the  last  minerals  to  form;  but  their  order  and  position  are  not  con- 
stant. In  a  few  cases,  chalcopyrite  was  the  last  mineral  to  enter, 
and  includi's  other  siilphi<les.  Arsenopyrite  is  scattered  through 
the  gangue,  and  occasionally  |)rojects  from  the  whin  contact  into 
the  (piart/.  It  is  abunilant  also  ii.  the  whin.  Pyrite  is  perhaps  the 
comnionesl  sulpliiile,  and  often  is  found  as  a  coatinu'  on  horses. 
'I'he  galena  is  state<l  to  carry  silvei'. 

The  veins  are  very  persistent  in  strike  and'li[);  but  they  send 
out  innumerable  small  branches  into  the  countiv-rock,  and  often 
two  master  veins  are  connected  through  irr(  gular  cross-fissures 
which  ilo  not  correspond  to  any  definite  structural  feature  of  the 
sediments.     The    wallft    are    far  less    detinite    than    in    the  bedded 


^>«4      l'l{()Ci;Kl)lN(iS:    HOSTO.N   SOCIiri'Y   XATIHAI-   IIISTOUY. 


Vfiiis.  llorsi's  aic  alniiiilaiit,  and  in  soiiio  casos  tin-  wall-i'ocks  are 
l>i('C('iat(Hl  for  several  iticlies  ai'.<l  iinprcgnati'd  with  iiiiiR'rais.  The 
scries  lios.  as  tar  as  my  ohservatioii  sliows,  witliiii  \vli.".t  may  he 
regarded  as  essomlally  a  single  IxmI  of  whin.  'I'lie  hitter  is  «'oiii- 
posed  in  reality  of  n.any  iieaviiy  hedilfd  strata  interspersed  with  a 
tew  thin  layers  of  slate  carrying  some  veins  of  the  ixMhU-d  kmd  ; 
hilt  the  proportion  of  slate  to  whin  is  exceedingly  small.  On  tlie 
south  of  this  hell,  which  is  one  or  two  miles  hroad.  -J, (10(1  feet  of 
sl.Ue  overlie  the  gold-hearing  rocks.  On  the  north  those  who  live 
in  the  district  report  another  hroad  hand  of  slate,  witJi  a  small 
amount  of  whin.  'I'lic  crossdeads  die  out  on  the  maroiii  of  the 
slate  on  the  soath.  .md  lia\c  heeii  looked  for  in  vain  im  the  north. 
If  the  lissiires  extended  heyoinl  the  helt  of  whin,  veins  would  be 
found  ill  them.  It  se,"iis,  iheii.  that  here  may  lu;  a  case  on  a  large 
scale  of  what  the  slndies  (,f  .Mr.  ,1.  U.  \Voo<iwoith  have  sliowii  to 
lie  coninion  in  a  small  w;iy  —  a  system  of  Joints,  contined  to  a 
series  which  is  esst.iili.illy  homogeneous,  and  ilisappearing  wiien 
roeks  of  different  text  ire  are  reaclie(l. 

Cleavage  has  h.ad  no  effect  upon  either  the  liedded  or  tissere-veins 
(d  the  series.  Tlie  <|u;iit/,  has  been  more  or  less  crushed,  hut  it  is 
impossil.lc  to  say  that  this  was  accomplished  liy  the  force  which 
pro.lnced  the  par.aliel  lisMJity.  .Vs  a  rule,  cle;ivage  has  ignored  the 
veins,  stopping  on  one  side  and  heginning  again  on  t!ie  otliei  .  hut 
occasionally  it  has  swerved  a  litth  from  a  true  plane.  This  happ-ii.s 
where    the  side  of  a   roll   presents    surf.ices    iiearlv   p.arallel  to  the 


Diau'iMiiiiniiiic  srriinii  ,.i'  ,|i.,ai-i/,  vein  in  slalc,.  .Mddsc  Kivcr  .Mines,  Vein, 
whi'.e;  straiilicati.iii,  lij;lu  full  Ihu.s;  cl,.|ivfi,i:c,  liuiit  ilaslicil  iini's:  joinl.s,  licavy 
full  Hues. 


WOODMAN':  (inM)-Hi;AlilN(;    SLA'I'KS    OF    NOVA   SC(»'riA.        '■>><'> 

(•lu;iv;if;e,  Imt  lioiiartiiiij;  tVoiii  tlmt  ii'iatioii  ^iMdiiallv  tnwanls  tlie 
top  and  liottoin.  The  metals  witliiii  tlii'  vein,  and  even  on  eontacts 
lietween  tiaiiuue  ami  f(Minti'v  rock,  have  not  shared  in  the  ueneral 
distortion,  and  thus  aii))ear  to  have  heen  protected  i)\- their  relations 
to  the  resistant  (jiiart/.  'i'he  cleavaue  "lanes  of  the  calcite  in  tiie 
veins  are  often  curveil ;  hut  it  is  not  possihle  at  present  to  ilesignate 
which  iif  the  various  Drnm'nic  forces  cmici'rned  in  the  histoi'v  of  the 
series  prod'ice'l  the  ri'sull. 

StriK'tKi'i .  —  'I'he  whole  series  of  rocks  is  folded  in  a  diri'ction 
averayinij:  N.  ti.)  K.  in  Halifax  count\,  hccoininii'  more  northerly  in 
the  western  pai '  of  the  i'ro\iiice.  It  is  noticeahle  that  the  u'cneral 
trend  of  the  peninsula  also  clianu'es  corres|iondingly.  The  force 
jiroducinti  tiiesc  [)lications  pr(d»ahly  came  from  the  soulli,  althouiih 
the  evidence  on  tliis  p(»int  is  not  clear.  A  second  foldiiiij;  took  place 
suhst'i|ueiitly  in  a  direction  nearly  at  ri<fht  auLi'les  to  the  former, 
cidminatimi'  in  an  extensive  series  of  faults,  which  strike  rousihiy 
north-south.  'I'hese  newer  flexures  are  said  to  he  less  frequent  in 
the  eastern  portion  of  the  iield.  and  to  liec(une  cji'adiially  more 
a'lnndant  westward.  They  have  lieeii  e(pially  instrumental  with 
I  he  earlier  ones  in  locatinn'  the  prercnt  mininu-  settlenciits,  hy 
doming'  veins  up  so  that  denud.ation  has  u,'i\('n  inteiniittent  expo- 
sures. 

'I'he  fatdts  are  hoth  normal  and  re\erse.  As  they  were  forim'(l 
in  the  main  hy  pressure,  the  latter  are  most  ahundant.  ami  tension 
or  ura\ity  faults  afforded  local  i-elicf.  In  places  their  niauiiitude  is 
considi'r.'i'  le,  the  throw  hcinj;  sf\cral  hundre(l  feet.  .Most  of  them 
lieloiin-  In  III,.  (.||il  i)f  the  -second  pi'riod  of  folding',  and  tho>c  formeil 
;is  a  iH'sult  of  the  lirst  plications  ;ire  small. 

The  structures  produced  hy  these  oidii'euic  processes  can  he  sei'U 
in  most  of  the  miidnn'  districts.  ()ldham.  K'enfrew.  and  Moose 
l{i\cr  .Mines  are  cases  in  point.  'I'he  first  two  ha\c  lieen  mapped 
in  a  <^eii('ral  way  (lli'id.  'T'-').  <  >f  the  last,  .a  detailed  map  on  a 
si'.ale  of  1  :  ;1.IM)(I  has  lieen  |iul>lisheil  liy  .Mr.  I'"ariliaull  of  the 
(Jeolo^ical  survey  of  ('anada. 

In  manv  places  the  heddinif  is  smooth  hut  in  m.iny  others  it  is 
disturhed  hy  corruual ioiis,  which  \,iry  from  niinute  crennlations  up 
to  "rolls"  several  feet  fr(Mn  crest  to  crest  and  two  or  more  in 
<lepth,  The  lai'Lre  cases  are  known  locally  as '•  harrel  (pnirtz,"  ami 
from  smallest  to  lar'^est  are  all  t  same  in  character  and  in  origin. 
They  start  in  veins,  and  are   partici])at(Ml   in  hy  them  and   the  ailja- 


380     PROCEKDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

cent  slates,  very  rarely  and  only  to  a  .slight  extent  by  other  members 
of  the  series.  They  are  found  spariiiirly  on  the  sides  of  the  east- 
west  anticlines,  but  are  conmion  ^\he^e  the  a.ves  of  these  are  made 
to  pluiige  downward  by  the  doming  effect  of  the  north-south  fold- 
ing. In  a  few  instances  they  may  be  horizontal;  but  usually  they 
have  a  distinct  pitch  dej.endent  upon  the  degree  of  inclination  of 
the  axes  of  the  folds,  the  thickness  of  the  leads,  and  the  character 
of  the  country-rock.  In  this  they  are  not  e.xactlv  coiiK-ident  with 
the  be.Mmg.  for  on  .•,  plunging  a.xis  they  converge  at  smaller  angles 
tha-i  those  of  the  strike  lines. 

A  noticeable  feature  is  the  local  nature  of  the  distortions.     Near 
the  vein  the  stratilication  of  the  slate  f..llows  clo.sely  the  twisting  of 
the  (juaitz.     As  om.  rcce.les  from  it,  however,  the  bedding-j)l:uies 
become  less  strongly  crenulatcl,  until  from  an    inch  to  several  feet 
away  the  waves  die  out.     The  coarser  the  sediment,  the  less  it  has 
yu-l.led   visibly  to    the  forces  ;    and  in  contact  veins  the  quartzite 
wall  IS  even,  an-l  th.'  slate  wall  rolle.l  more  than   is  usual  in   veins 
which  he  wh..Ily  within  the  slate,  at  some  distance  from  anv  whin. 
The  appearance  suggests  that  there  may  be  a  compen.sation,  the 
rigidity  of  the  whin   fo.ving  greater  buckling  in  the  more  j.Iastic 
slates.      In  still  other  cases,  where  the  vein  is  in  slate,  but  within  a 
lew  inches  of  a  .|iiartzite  l)ed,  the  slate  on  the  side  towar.l  the  whin 
IS  crcnnlated    and  crushed  till    the  j.articles    have  little    power   of 
coherence ;  and  on  the  other  si.le  the    rolling    is   regular  and  the 
slate  bent  without  fracture.      In  general,  however,  the  corrugation 
has  weakened  the  sediments  near  it. 

^  A  structure  similar  to  rolling  is  observable  in  sections  of  the 
Cretaceous  ,.lays  aii.l  sands  of  the  Atlantic  coastal  plain.  In  these 
water,  often  bearing  iron,  has  buckled  up  the  clav  laminae  in  a 
manner  precisely  similar,  leaving  adjacent  sands  untouched.  'I'he 
ph.'ii.uneiion  has  no  necessary  relation  to  the  concentration  ..f  gold 
.ilthuugh  barrel  .piartz  is  considere.l  by  many  Xova  Scotian  miner.s 
as  sure  t<.  be  rich  ;  but  in  some  veins  it  appears  that  gold  was  either 
'"•"iiglii  up  by  ilie  new  solutions,  or  concentrated  from  the  sedi- 
nu'i.ts  at  about  the  time  of  corrugation,  and  now  lies  on  the  Iior-lers 
of  these  rolls  in  pocki'ts. 

In  Moose  1,'iver  rolling  can  be  studied  in  detail,  although  the 
lack  ot  coiiieidence  between  the  attitude  of  the  rolls  and  that  of 
th  a.ves  of  the  main  fol.js  is  n.,t  very  marked.  The  best  places 
for  observation    are   .piarries   near  the   road,  ami   winding   tunnels 


WOODMAN:  GOLn-HKARING    SLATES   OK    NOVA    SCOTIA         387 


following  the  (iic-at  X  Mtli  or  •' Serpent '' lead,  wliicli  bears  quartz 
over  a  foot  tliick  tlexed  in  large  waves.  The  parallelism  of  (juartz 
layers  also  is  inarkeil  here.  In  the  quarries  much  smaller  examj)le8 
show  many  points  not  brought  out  so  elearly  in  the  lana-  eases. 

At  East  ^^'averly  oceurs  wiiat  must  re'dain  as  the  type  ease  of 
rolled  or  barrel  quartz.  It  has  been  described  by  ^^omc  of  the 
eirliei  writers,  and  in  one  or  two  cases  ti<rured  in  a  diai'ir.mmatie 
way.  The  resen.blaiiee  noted  l)y  Silliman  and  others  to  a  cordu- 
roy road  or  a  succession  of  barrels  ceases  when  both  sides  of  the 
vein  are  seen.  Instead  of  a  series  of  cylinders  laid  side  by  side, 
tlie  rolls  are  merely  what  would  Ite  made  by  corrugatinu;  anv  flexi- 
ble sheet,  and  their  two  walls  are  parallel  for  the  most  part.  The 
lead  lies  almost  on  the  contact  between  slate  and  whin,  and  the 
tunnels  show  both  walls  in  many  jdaces.  The  adjacent  slate  is 
plicated  as  closely  as  the  vein,  while  the  hanging  wall  of  whin  is 
j)erfeetly  even.  The  rolls  are  regular,  and  show  a  divergen.:'e  with 
the  bedding  which  iiu-reases  as  one  goes  towanls  the  axis  of  the 
ohh'r  fold  at  the  end  of  the  main  tunnel.  At  West  Waverly  none 
of  the  leaiis  have  distinct  rolls  so  far  as  observed. 

In  this  district  of  Waverly,  which  embraces  an  area  rouo-Jdv  two 
miles  east  and  west,  by  one  north  and  south,  .all  tlu'  coinplications 
attendant  upon  the  t«o  series  of  orogenic  niovenu'iits  jire  highly 
developed,  and  well  revealed  by  erosion.  For  this  reason  I  have 
chosen  it  for  description  as  a  type  of  the  kind  of  structures  orioi- 
nating  in  the  Trovince  iimlcr  such  circumstances.  So  far  as  I  am 
aware,  the  form  which  it  presents  has  been  seldom  ii(>te(l  in  text- 
books, when  treating  of  dynamical  geohigy.  It  is  tlioiMiiLiiilv 
characteristic  of  the  series.  altlK.ugh  presenting  some  iinlividiial 
pcculiiiritics :  an<l  its  main  features  are  more  a<'ccntn;iled  ili;m  in 
most  of  the  other  cases  wliicli  the  series  exhibits.  On  the  eastern 
border,  as  at  Isaac's  Harbor,  the  main  anticlines  .are  so  |on<;-  that 
their  phniging  emls  may  not  be  met  within  the  range  of  a  sinule 
settlement. 

The  structure  of  Ivisl  Waverly  is  that  of  an  east-we-t  anticline, 
whi<'h  betiins  to  plunge  e.ist w.anl  ;it  ti  very  low  angle  beyond  Willis 
Lake.  Near  lakes  \\'illi;u!i  ;ind  'i'homas,  at  a  point  about  7."i(l  feet 
e.ast  ol  the  shore  road,  it  commences  ii  sleep  pluiin-e  to  the  west, 
the  vein  dropping  Is,")  feet  in  42;"),  and  continuing  downward  at  an 
angle  of  at  least  ;")()'  when  last  seen,  at  lake-level.  This  vein, 
famous  as  the  type  of   rolled  or   "barrel"  (juarti^.,  has  been    »vell 


38S      PROCEEDINGS:   BOSTON  SOCIETY  XATLHAI.  IIISTOKY 


opciu'd  for  sevi'ral  years.  On  tlio  siiiiiniit  of  tlie  liill  1.200  feet  of 
tlie  crest  of  tlie  fold  have  lieeii  exposed  by  open  (piarries,  Imt 
nearly  half  of  tliis  distance  is  now  ohscured  [n  additioi!,  a  tminel 
runs  ()70  feet  east  alonL,'  the  a\i.s  from  the  lake-front,  interseetini,' 
all  tiie  rock  overlyinu-  the  vein,  l-'roni  its  end  an  up-raise  is  exca- 
vated alonir  the  vein,  till  the  axis  reaches  nearly  a  normal  horizon- 
tal position;  and  hnui  the  same  point  branch  tunnels  r"n  north 
and  south,  fullowinu- the  strike  m'   (he  vein    in  its  change  eastward, 

.Uiviug  ( ipletely  the  structure  of  the  pitching  fold. 

One  of  the  points  most   noticealile  in   the  o>enino-s,  particularly 
in  the.piarries.  is  the  flatness  of  the  crown.     This  crown  was  the  only 
portion  ex|>osed  when  the  region  was  visited   hy  Silliman   and   later 
studied   by    Hind,  .md   gives  a    belt    lil'ty    feet    wide   in    places,   with 
aluKist  no  dip.      This  can  be  explained,  however,  by  the  fact  —  which 
a   stu.ly  <>(   the   whole   Held  reveals  — that   it    lies  at   the   top   of   a 
fol.led   Ncries.  and.   that   it   is  immediately   under   a   massive   cap  of 
\^'ii"-      'ii  cnntr.ist  to  this  is  the  evenness  of  dip  of  the  sides  of  the 
anticline.      'I'he  vein  in  its  -lescent  soon   reaches  an    anule   whicdi   is 
almost    consiani    througlnuit  the   vertical   range  observed,  a  total  of 
•l:W  feet  directly  and  of  nearly  1,200  by  means  (d'  the   fanlt-l,loeks 
and   >hafts  to   the  west.     This  must  mean   either  that  some  of  the 
folds  to  which  we  give  full  swelling  sides  in  seciicm  should  be  drawn 
with  straighler  shanks  and  iKirrow  but  flat    crests,  or   th;it    the   fold 
in  .|uestion  is  l.ir-cr  ;ind  deeper  than   anyc.ne  has  hitherto  thouaht. 
It  it  be  true  that  the  deformalioii  is   more  extensive  than   h.as  been 
thought,    it     h;i-<    ;i    direct     bc;iring    upon    the    j.ossibility    of     deep 
mining    in   the  district^    a    jdan    which    has   l,een    urged    often    by 
Canadian     geologists,     and     as     often      rejected      hy    conservative 
iii\('<tors. 

The  tunnel  sln^vs  lliat  a  thick  cap  of  wliin  overlies  the  vein,. 
with  but  tew  thin  b.inds  of  sl.ite  ami  one  or  two  small  veins.  The 
surface  outcrops  on  the  hills,  north  and  .scuitli  of  the  axis,  show 
nothing  but  whin  for  ;il  !ea>t  "iiMi  •  ;irds. 

\Ve-(  of  Kishin-'  i.-Akv  is  another  area  of  whin,  wbich.  as  far  as 
my  proent  study  can  determine,  is  ;i  coutinu.ation  of  the  cap  over- 
lyin-  the  barrel  .p.art/  lead  of  Ka-.t  W.averly.  It  runs  for  an 
iiid.;uo\vn  distance  westward.  ;it  le.ist  to  the  line  of  the  Intercolonial 
railrojid,  It-  .attitude  .'an  be  .liM'.n-ered  only  by  occasion.al  tliin 
bands  of  sl.ite;  and  by  these  it  appears  to  form  the  end  of  a  fold 
pitching  west,  like  the  other  portions  of  the  Held.      As  it    lacks  eco- 


4 


WOODMAN:  GOI.D-MKAHINCi    SLATES   OF    NOVA    SCOTIA.        38{» 


;» 


1 


-m- 


Jioiiiic  iiii|i(irtniK'i',  (k'tnilc'd  study  ot"  it  has  nut  lieoii  inaik'.  No 
lu'ddfil  vt'iiis  have  hccii  oltst'rvt'fi  in  it,  lint  it  contains  scvoral  bai- 
rx'!i  cross-it-ads  striking;  rouLfldy  nortli-soutii  and  dipping  east. 
TiiL'  location  of  tlic  t'anlt  on  its  eastern  border  is  marked  by  an 
esearpnienl  seventy-five  feet  1ul;]i.  wliieh  serves  to  bring  out  forcibly 
the  difference  in  resistance  of  tiie  whin  and  slate. 

Kast  of  the  whin  cap  are  the  faidt-blocks  that  contain  most  of 
the  profitable  veins.  The  tirst  of  these  has  au  up-throw  of  tHlT  feet, 
the  flat  ])ortion  of  tlie  barrel  (piartz  lead  at  Kast  Waverly  being  taken 
as  a  datum-plane.  At  the  center  of  the  anticline,  immediately  west 
of  the  railroad,  appears  a  mass  of  whin  of  greater  visible  thickne.ss 
than  any  other  e.vcept  the  cap;  ;ind  it  seems  to  m.ark  tin-  base  of 
this  local  gold  series.  'I'he  ledge  presents  a  great  contiast  to  that 
which  exposes  the  summit  of  the  seiies.  Instt'ad  of  lying  in  a  bioad 
flat  crown,  the  beds  dip  steeply  from  the  very  axis,  showing  a  greatly 
])inched  condition  of  this  portion  of  the  fold.  Oiitw.irdly  nortli  and 
suutli  from  this  a.xial  outcrop  are  many  \-eins.  some  worked,  others 
idle,  ami  all  running  with  the  bciMing.  'I'lu'y  must  be  fai'  more 
numerous  than  the  outcmps  show  ;  luit  lu'tc,  .as  in  Moose  Kiver 
and  ;nost  otlu'r  mining  settlements  in  Nova  Scotia,  litth  ov  no 
attempt  lias  lii'cn  made  to  um-over  the  bed  rock  in  a  trench  across 
the  strike  and  briie^-  to  ji'jlit  .all  the  lead-  that  conu'  to  the  surface. 
( )nl\-  tlu'ce  \'eins  a'c  shown  upon  the  map,  because  ni  the  small  scale 
employed;  but  encuigh  are  set  down  to  give  the  structure  of  the 
area.  Thee  lueof  the  slate  series  on  the  luirth  has  iieen  determined 
in  sevei'id  places;  liut  its  extension  westw;ir<l  in  the  curve  slmwu  on 
the  map  is  partly  inferred  fioiu  the  plunge  of  the  fold  and  the 
relations  of  various  beds,  Diift  liindei-s  detailed  work  in  most 
places  where  artilicial  exposures  ilo  not  .aid  the  observer.  This  is 
(>speciallv  true  on  the  south  side  of  the  fohl,  where  few  veins  are 
mined  ;  ami  as  ;i  result,  the  southern  limit  .as  liivcn  nn  the  map  is 
conjectural,  and  lialile  to  a  possible  eimr  of  fno  feet.  Indeeil,  ii  is 
probable  that  on  account  of  i;re;iter  denudation  ihe  margin  is 
slitrhtlx'  farther  to  the  -oiitli  (h.an  i>  shown. 

The  pitch  of  the  axi^  is  nut  unif<uiu.  Imt  is  steeper  at  first.  mcu'O 
o-entic  in  the  ceiiler  i>f  the  block,  and  contiii\ies  at  a  very  gentle 
orade  towards  the  we^lern  m.aiLi'in.  This  is  shown  by  the  c(Uiver- 
ixeucc  and  dip  <if  the  le.ids  where  (iliservalile.  The  south  dips  are 
less  steep  than  the  north  ones  :  hence  the  .axial  plane  of  the  fold 
does  nol    lie  vertical,  but  dips  somewhat  southward.     Thi'  denuda- 


olio     I'KOL'EKDINGS  :  UOSTON  SOCIKTY  NATURAL  HISTOIIY. 


tion  of  a  i)Iiiiit'iii<;  anticline  of  this  character  would  cause  a  slierht 
northward  migration  of  the  surface  outcroj)  of  tlie  axis  where  the 
plunge  occurs.  This  is  hardly  apprecij.hle,  however,  in  a  foM  so 
little  unsyinnietrical.  The  same  may  he  said  of  the  axis  at  East 
Waverly. 

The  next  fault-block  presents  some  structural  jtroblems  that  can- 
not lie  solved  with  the  present  data.  No  veins  are  now  worked 
south  of  the  axis;  and  th"  position  of  those  mapped  in  Iliiwl's 
report  (HJit)  is.  in  view  of  the  errors  of  location  of  other  structural 
features,  problematical.  On  the  north  of  the  axis  the  veins  have 
been  tiirown  north  1U(I  feet.  This  leaves  two  possibilities.  The 
motion  may  have  been  a  vertical  one,  the  axis  upon  .lenudation 
remaining  in  the  same  position,  and  tlie  veins  on  the  south  being 
thrown  as  far  southward  as  the  others  migrated  northward  ;  or  the 
whole  block  in  its  movement  m.iv  have  been  wedtied  northward 
11)0  feet.  At  Moose  Uiver  the  horizontal  component  is  marked, 
and  very  jtrobably  conditions  are  the  same  here.  This  conclusion 
is  provisional,  but  is  based  upon  what  appears  to  be  a  common 
method  of  faulting  in  the  series.  If  it  be  correct,  then  there  ha.s 
l>een  horizontal  motion  ahing  an  almost  vertical  plane,  due  to  pres- 
sure from  the  south  ;  and  in  a  section  along  the  axis  it  would  ajipear 
as  though  IK)  additioTial  dislocation  hail  tiiken  place. 

The  ailmissidii  of  the  two  small  fault  blocks  west  of  the  lakes 
rests  upon  two  pit'ces  of  evidence.  One  of  these  is  the  map  accom- 
])anying  Hind's  report  U'cntioned  above,  which  gives  two  faults. 
Tile  other  is  the  statciiicnt  of  the  owner  of  the  land  on  which  the 
full-line  poi'tion  of  the  fault  lies,  and  who  has  uncovered  the  land  in 
ye'ars  past  foi'  certain  leads.  At  present  there  are  no  (Hitcro])s, 
iich'-e  the  direction  of  the  veins  in  these  two  blocks  cannot  be  deter- 
mined directly.  I  have  copied  Hind's  ma]i  in  this  respect,  because 
there  is  no  other  authority.  The  offset  of  the  easternmost  iilock  is 
based  upon  the  same  data  as  the  existence  of  the  third  fault. 

(h'lK. —  In  the  se<liinents  gold  is  lai'gely  in  sulphi<Ies,  even  neai- 
the  surface.  Slate  holds  it  in  pi'ying  (piantities  often  at  consider- 
able distances  from  veins,  iiut  some  localities  appear  to  have  little. 
This  may  be  due  in  part,  however,  to  the  lack  of  accurate  tests  in 
those  place's.  \\  .\Ioose  Kiver  pure  slate  yields  in  crushing  over 
*"i.(Mi  of  free-milling  gold  per  ton,  and  is  as  rich  away  from  veins 
as  near  them.  Whin  is  popularly  supposed  to  be  barren,  but  ri'cent 
assays  have  shown  gold  up  to  one  or  two  dollars  per  ton.     Suflieient 


WOODMAN:   (JOLl)  BEAU  INC   5;LATI:s  OF   NOVA    i^COTTA.    .'■01 

torts  lia,v,e  „.,;  iK.pn  mnAv  U>  sl.ow  relati....s  Lotwc,..,  tl.c  i.re.v.K'e 
ot  trold  un  Ilio  whin  an-l  iIk-  proximity  .,f  veins.  I,,  the  lattiT  -^okl 
IS  more  .MTat.c  thai,  in  the  eountry-rock,  and  often  a  wl.ole  reirion 
is  el,a,-a,.tenze.I  I,y  (he  presence  of  "  poekets  -  witli  lean  plaees 
between..  IJeiuu  the  .Iraina-re  level  of  the  iv-ion  most  of  the  metal 
isn,  s.uipln.les;  and  this  proportion  increases  -lownwanl  for  some 
<lista.noe,  as  less  an.!  less  water  penetrates  the  r.Mk.  The  free  .'<.1.1 
here,  in  file  veins,  occurs  in  the  sam..  forms  ami  p(,sitions  as  in  those 
nearer  ihe  surtace.  Within  the  oxi.li/e.l  zone  ahov,  some  <.ol.l  is 
free  m  the  country-rock,  and  a  Jaroe  proporti.m  in  the  veins,  "j..  the 
latter  it  occiii-  aloiij;-  the  walls,  tonuuitiir  j,,,,,  ,|,,,  „,„|,.ne.  oi  di.. 
seminated  in  tine  particles  through  the  laller.  WluM-e'lh.'.  m  d 
lines  the  si.les  of  rolls,  it  is  ..sually  i.oun.led  fou,,rd  fl,..  conntiv- 
n»ck  hy  a  rusted  /one.  Fmm  here  it  .uns  inwar.l  in  strin-.-ers  ..fteii 
ah.ng  distinct  fractuivs.  So  far  as  I  an,  auare,  >.,  analvses  or 
assays  have  l.een  made  sy.si,.matically,  to  discover  ]„,w  much  is  still 
imprisoned  within  the  inllmmc..  of  water  action.  .\s  a  rule  the  free 
-old  appears  without  <listinct  crystallization  ;  hut  one  crvstal  havin-- 
a  dodecahedral  form,  has  come  to  my  notice,  and  a  few' others  have 
l.eeu  reported  in  years  past.  The  on.,  note-l  above  came  from  Cow 
Day,  where  it  piuh.ahly  has  a  deep-seated  origin. 

The  method  of  occurrence  of  onld  in  the' veins  of  this  .cries  its 
■iistriluition  in  the  ..ountry-rock,  ami  its  relations  to  sulphides  point 
stron-ly  to  the  conclusion  that  at  least  a  lar-e  part  was  dcposite.l 
•"  tile  s.dniH.i..  and  has  Ik...,,  lo,,,^.  in  ,.,..„.<.ss  of  eouce,it,-a(i.,n 
111  the  v..ins  l.y  water  wlii..h  ....uh.s  .lownward  tVom  tl„.  surface 
It  is  pussil.le  that  uot  all  th..  u-o|,l  i„  a  re-ion  .,f  .>,  ,.,m,pli..at,.,l  a 
hist. i,.y  has  the  sa,,,..  sour,.,.;  l.ut  while  so,„e  mavhav,-  he,.,,  l.i'ou.dit 
"P  with  (I,..  .p,art/,  the  fa.'ts  so  far  ..l,serv...l  .|o  not  show  that  more 
than  a  small  si, ,.,,-..  of  it  I,;,.!  thai  .u-iuin. 

An  ..\....pti.,ii  to  the  se.lin„.ntary  (u-i-iu  ,,f  tl,,.  .,,!,]  ,„„^f  |„,  ,„.,,^^, 
intl,..  |,r,M|ii,.tiv(.  Iissm.r-\eins..l,s..rv(.d  tl,usfa|..  Of  tl,e.s..Cow  l!av 
affords  tl,..  I.est  exan,pl...  Here  tli,.  metal  ,,c,.nrs  cl,i..|lv  ,i..ar  the 
walls,  hut  is  m.t  c..nlimMl  i„  that  p,.siii,,n.  Th..ie  is  a  !.'...al  h..|ief 
w.'il  f.ain.le.l  for  certain  veins,  that  vahu's  ar..  hi-lu-r  in  -  r.„„d,  •'  ' 
-'I-  '••■llular  ,|uart/,.  Kxaminati.-n  ..f  many  spcchnens  sl„,ws  That 
tlK'  most  f,...,pi..nl  atlitu.le  ,s  in  |,laii..s  p,.„.,.,||,.l  t..  the  v..in-walls,  i„ 
-IH.'irt/  the  ..rystiils  .,f  which  are  not  visil.l...  ,,r  1,..tw<.,.n  layers'.. f 
••rystals.  Wliei^e  th..  v.-ius  cut  a.^mss  intercalate.!  slate  haml's  fl,,.,..- 
IS   no  corre.spomiinn-  change   in   the  ••  carry "  of  the   .,re.     This    is 


^)ll-'      PROCEEDINGS;   BOSTON  SOCIKTV  NATIUAL  lllS'ioUV. 


against  lateral  sc'cretioii  as  a  nictlioil  of  (•(Hicciitration.  So  far  as 
seen,  no  gold  occurs  in  uliin.  and  tlic  sii|i(.'rjaccnt  slate  is  reported 
to  be  harren  \)y  tliose  who  have  Ieste<I  it.  Kxperieiico  elsewliere 
shows  tliMt,  when  gold  lias  conie  fi'oni  tlu'  <'OUMf rv-rock,  its  source 
hiis  iiceii  chielly  slate.  In  this  region  the  hitter  oceupies  scarcely 
one  percent  of  tlie  section  traversed  Ity  tlie  veins;  heiicc  to  lia\e 
been  leaclie<l  of  siillicient  gold  to  give  over  an  oiuice  per  ton  of 
(piaitz,  as  is  vii'lded  in  snme  siiafts.  the  rock  must  have  been  extra- 
ordinarily rich.  'I'liere  is  no  evidence  whatever  that  this  has  iieeii 
llie  case.  On  the  other  hand,  the  structure  of  the  veins  and  tlie 
character  aihl  positions  of  the  .iccoinpanying  minerals  jioint  stronsxlv 
to  a  dc,  p->eated  origin  t'or  the  metal. 

A'/v^y,/;,v.y. — The  only  eriiptives  that  have  come  under  m\-  lUitice 
belong  to  the  gi'anitic    >erii's.      Their    general  distrilmtioii    can   be 

*<t'*'i any  if  the    later  geological    maps   of  the    Province.     'I'l.e 

e.lgc  ,,<i  ,,iir  boss  lies  a  short  distance  east  of  Waveilv,  but  it  lias  not 
been  |)osNiblc  to  give  it  a  careful  I'xaniinalion.  W'li.it  iias  been 
seen  coiitirms  the  general  conclusions  of  the  later  writers.  'I'lie 
rock  alters  already  metamorphosed  strata;  yet  (iilpin  in  "Si.',  and 
again  in  "^"i,  agreed  with  Dawson  ii,  claiming  the  rou<:h  conteni- 
]ioraneity  of  the  in'rusiuu  of  the  graiutcs  ;ind  the  forinalioii  ol  the 
veins.  In  "ss.  however,  (iilpin  iniplie.I  the  greater  age  of  the  latter, 
in  stating  that  by  the  intrusions  they  are  not  •■changed  from  their 
nmanal  char.K'ter  beyond  any  slight  variation  due  to  mel.amorphisni 
ol  the  small  jicrcentages  of  lime.  et<'..  commonly  occurriiio-  in  tneni." 

In  Halifax  another  large  mass  of  granite  li.is  its  eastern  bound- 
aiy.  The  rock  is  a  coai'se  hornblendic  granitite,  mIiosc  contact  has 
nut  yet  been  studie(l  clos(dy.  Near  it  the  slate  loses  its  fissile  char- 
acter and  largely  its  joinl  ing.  aii.l  becomes  hanlcr  and  more  com- 
pact, llelween  the  granite  .and  this  portion  v'i  the  slate,  w  heiv  I 
have  seen  il,  is  a  rock  which  in  the  field  ajipears  to  be  ;i  rather 
coarse  tiMp,  .Mici'oscopic.al  study  of  the  problem  has  not  been 
].ns.ibl,.,  TIk'  -ranile  near  this  trap  is  fine-grained.  ;ind  becomes 
steadily  coarser  f<>r  half  a  mile  aw,ay  from  the  cont,act.  As  it  urows 
coarser  a  porphyritic  structure  appears,  the  orthoclase  cr\-sl;ils 
attaining  ,a  length  of  from  one  i,v  uiie  ;ind  ,a  h,ilf  in(dies.  The  lock 
as  a  wh.de  is  very  t'ehl>paihic  an. I  weathers  raphlly.  'I'his  fiehl 
west  .»f  Halifax  is  one  which  c.ul.l  be  enijdoye.l  to  ureat  adv,anfane 
ilia,  study  .if  the  relations  between   the  granites  ami   the  elastics. 

JJeNi/d,((iun.  —  T\K'  structure  of  the  series  as  a  Avliole  is  not  well 


IS. 


WOODMAN:   (iOLD-nKAiaXO    SLATKS   OF    NOVA    SCOTIA.    303 

iMH.n!,rli  known  In  .Iciciniin..  huw  inndi  cC  the  .sediments  orif,n„ally 
.K-|.M,it,.,l  l.iive  iH.on  lust  by  or.,si„n.  I.uwc-  (';iil).)nilVnMi,s  ron- 
KloiMcratf  near  (iay's  IJivor  contains  Tnctaniorplioscl  slatf  and  wliin 
with  fratrniL-nts  of  fli,.  attendant  .,nait/ veins ;  an.l  undonl.tedlv  its 
gold  IS  also  derivd  Iron.  I  hem.  TUv  old,.,-  rocks  at  tlie  contact  with 
the  c-.nirlonuTatc  sln.w  a  much  denude,!  snrface.  willi  munded 
projections,  in  appearance  like  small  roches  niontonnees.  and  ahout 
I'onr  feet  lonj.'.  Fn-n.  the  sinictnre  of  the  nei.irhl.orin.:;  slates  it 
s.HMns  proi.al)ie  that  a  t,'r .at  amount  of  the  erosion  had  taken  place 
before  the  hnvcr  ('arl-.miferoiis  was  deposited,  and  that  the  prnpor- 
tion  lost  since  that  time  is  relatively  small. 

It  cannot  be  determined  yet  whether  the  older  rocks  w.-re  al)ovo 
water  during-  most  of  the  time  lietween  their  lirst  foldintr  and  the 
era  of  the  coni,domeratcs,  but  this  seetns  probable.  Debiis  from 
the  gold  .series  has  not  been  reconni/ed  in  yoniiirer  sediments,  except 
in  b<mlders  of  the  age  just  nuMitioncl.  jbit  if' the  auriferous  rocks 
wvvv  submerged  during  the  inlerveniug  period,  or  even  duriuir  anv 
considerable  portion  of  it.  we  iind  if  necessary  to  ;icc<,unt  for  the 
disappearance  <,{  all  the  sedinu'nls  th.it  were  laid  down,  not  onlv 
over  the  area  of  goM  rocks  as  now  .seen,  liut  also  over  the  territorv 
occupied  by  such  Carboniferous  strata  as  lie  directly  uiM.n  the  gold 
formation. 

In   a  large  measnn-  the    i)resent    topograj.hy  was    produced    by 
].re-Pleistocene    denudalion.      Drift    has  determined    (Utails  in  the 
course  of  many  of  tlie  sircanis.  but   the  mam   features   were  there 
before  ice  over-rode  the  land.      In  many  places,  as  at  Moo.se  Ifivcr 
and   C.iw    Hay.   the    penepl.ain    level    is  preserved.      For   miles  the 
rock  is  within   a  foot   o-,'  two  of  the  surf.K'c,  covered  with  a  loamy 
soil   or  a  growth  of  Sphagnum  and    other   moisture-loving   plants, 
whose  pre-cnce    is   due  to    the  sluggishness    of  the    dr;iiuag'o.      In 
(.thers.  as   the  region   about    W'averly.  an   uplift,  which    appears   to 
have  occiirrei]   since  the  |icneplaiu  was  foi'iiied  but  before  the    i-lei>- 
loccnc  epoch,  has  .allowed  the  etching  of  bro.ad    waterways.     The 
place    ju.t    mentioned  li,.s  in  a  nort  li-south  \;diey  which  is  the  high- 
way for  a  chain  of  lakes  ;ind   comiectino-  streams  flowin'j-  northward 
across  the  ].eninsula  to  the    r.,iy  of   FuihIv.      Fast   of  the    junction 
lu'twceu    lakes    William    and    Thomas,    steep    hills    ri-e    from    iIr. 
water's  edge  to  a  total  height   of  •'!!>   feel,  the  average  l)einu]<)0 
feet.     West  of  the  lakes  the  f.-iulted   areas  are  low,  scarcely  nnuv 
than    tifty  feet  above  the   water  .it  any  point.      Still   farther    west 


.'<!'4      PROCEEDINCJS;    BOSTON  Si  •Cliyrv  NATL' HAL    HLSTORY. 

lifvon.l  Ki.sliiiig  F.uko.  tin-  ovcrlyiii-j:  whin,  stratiirraj.liically  the 
liiiiliost  ariM  ill  (he  region,  stainls  up  a.s  a  Iiill  slopiiio-  west,  ami 
presents  an  al.rupt  lanlt-srarp  to  tlie  east.  Tlie  snrt'aee  (if  the 
lii<,'lier  liills  mav  he  taken  as  appn.xhnately  tlie  level  t,{  tne  pene- 
plain.    The  etehmij:  has   l.ien  ilue  to  tne   iipliflint,'  (.f  hlncks   into 

heiylits    of    n-.n-e   r.piil    fjennd.ition,   in   t seipienee  of    wliicli   the 

-hiialile  whin  oveilyiiiu'  tlu'  auriferous  slates  has  heen  removed  and 
the  softer  roek  I>elo\v  eroded  to  a  lowei'  level  than  the  whin  of  th" 
nnfaiilled  areas  to  the  east  and  wt'st.  I'.oth  fanlt-hloeks  in  whieh 
the  he. Is  phinue  westward  have  their  >teepness  of  snrfaee  in 
aeconlanee  with  the  dip  of  the  heds,  allhonuh  not  so  liii-h.  At 
Kast  Waverlv  the  whin  cap  is  eiodeil  over  the  axis  of  the  fohl 
1o  within  a  i\'\v  feet  of  the  slate,  and  a  view  from  !he  west  shows 
a  depression  ,,f  ;|n.  eiest-line  at  that  point,  indieatiny  a  wv.w 
ap|trnach  to  the  unroolinii;  of  the  anticline. 

'■'he  di-trihiition  of  mining-  regions  and  the  shapes  of  the  outcrop- 
piiiu'  ai'e.as  are  dne  to  the  inti^rseclion  of  dunies  of  various  shapes  l.y 
the  peneplain  surfaee. 


lIisTuiiv   OF    Tin:   S|.:i;ii;s. 

The  <piestinn  of  the  :\'j:v  of  the  series  is  as  yet  a  inatler  of  douht. 
a'ld  U  is  piN.h.ihle  th.u  this  uiici'itaiiity  will  continue  until  fo^sil 
evideiu'c  has  heen  found.  I  can  add  nothiny-  to  what  is  alreadv 
known,  for  all  the  -'fossils"  I  have  f..und  tm-n  out  lo  he  concretions 
which  so  far  have  not  shown  even  an  or^•anie  nucleus.  The  most 
nilional  view  appears  to  me  to  he  ih.u  of  I'.ecker  ("Ho),  who.  after 
suniniinu'  u|.  the  evidence  -jiven  hy  various  wriiers.  conchKh^s  that 
the  sediments  .ire  more  prohahly  Al<ro,iki:!n  than  Cimhiijin. 

TIk'  fidlowino-is  an  attempt  to  reconstruct  the  apjiarent  history 
of  the  series  fmm  the  data  which  are  avail, ihle  at  the  present  time. 
^^  Deposiihm.  on  ;,  sea.)l,„,r  .  niewhat  irregularly  risinu'  ;uid  sjnkiny-. 
'J'he  lowei-  .iui-ioii  nf  .he  series  is  s;iid  to  l,ecome  coarser  luw.ard 
f'"'  top.  indi-'.iM...  -1„  ,li,m,  Ah,. v..  this  ernes  the  liner  .t;Tain..d 
iil'pi'r  memiM-.  wnich  apparently  shows  a  return  to  deeper  water 
with  more  uniform  condiliiuis. 

('onsn||,l,iti.,n.  uradnally,  hy  weiuht  of  added  se.limenls.  Despite 
this  tendency  the  pressiu'e  from  .ahove  was  sullicient  to  keep  that 
l.art  nou-  forminu'  the  series  in  a  pla>tic  state.  The  oriuinal  ihick- 
iie--.,  evcii   after  consujidation,   mu>t    have   heen   several   times  that 


M- 


WOODMAN:   (iOI.I)-I5i:AKI\.i    SLATES  ..F    NoVA    sn-TI.,.     ;.,,;, 

<'l'  iIh"  Ih.,U  u|,i,.|,  Miv  ..x|M).sc.I  tu-.li.y.  This  is  shown,  not  onh  I.y 
""■  •"ii.Muii  uhichtMi,  1.0  .h>,nutistr:it.-.l  to  liavc  lu-eii  ero.UMl  Ixvu 
"H'loro  h)\vcr  ('.•irl.onitVrons  tinio.  Init  ••ilv,  l.v  the  almost  iMitire 
absi'iicc  of  tjuilts  at  tlu-  lirst  period  of  fohliii-^ 

F.n-M.atioi.  of  l.e.MiMl  vdns.  |,y  solfatari.-  action  from  l.ch.w. 
ill.,  niam  |MMti..„  „f  the  process  to,,k  place  rapidlv,  hut  some 
veinino-  hn-ercl  until  aflcr  part  of  the  ialer  jointinl;,  or  elsf.  at 
i'|f«-rvals  new  acrivilies  arose,  in  no  ease  with  the  same  power  as 
lli«'  first.  A  small  amonn'  of  o„l,l  ,„ay  hnve  l.een  hrou-ht  up  in 
the  solutions.  The  present-,,  of  the  veins  pvevailinglv  in  siratifica- 
"""  I'lancs  is  another  point  coiieerninir  ti,,.  ,_r,  .at  ^i>ressur"  under 
nhu-h  the  series  lay,  and  tlu  cross  strinjiers  sliow  that  the  roeks  had 
already  heir,,,,  ,,,  s„ff,.,.  differential  stresses  sr.fii.-ient  to  ea„se  irre<r- 
>..ar  traefu.es.  ( )f  the  primary  planes  of  weakness,  tho>e  were  most 
l"''"'-'i'>i.-ed  which  lay  at  the  .•ontnct  of  two  he.'s  of  .livcrse  ].hy.si. 
<"il   chara<.terisfics,  and  tlie  :.olnii,„is  chose  these  In  many  c.ses. 

.Alelam.u-phism    i.-mJ    , centraticui    of    i„,ii-li    of    the    ore.      The 

possil.ili,i,.s  i„  ,v.,,pi   -.the  ori.iri,,  ,.'•  tlie  pvrite  and  arseiK.py.-ite 
■nay  he  grouped   as  follows.      (I)    The  sulphides   in   hoth   •■oumrv- 

rock  and  veins  may  have  ; mmoi,  or  sep.ii-ate  ori-in.      (-J)   Th,,se 

ill  the  se.liments  may  he  the  j.roduct  <,f  inetainorphism  of  oiiu„ial 
iii-redients,  <.r  may  he  -'ue  to  solfataric  action;  and   those  in~the 
vems  nsay  l)e   c<.iiceiiiratioi,s    from  the   sediments,  -.r  have  resulted 
from   the   same   pn.cess   which    tilled   the    veins.     Neither   can    he 
proved  with  the  knowledjre  we  possess  at  present,      liotl,  slate  .and 
«hin    are    ihiekly    impregnated    with   the  sulphides,   and   ;is    mncii 
awaytV..,,,    the   vems   as  near   then,;  and    often  in   positions  where 
sohataric  solnti,.ns  must  iiave  penetrated  verv  tlH,ro„uhlv  :ind  have 
iXout'  far  from  their  i.lace  of  entrance.      Hesides,  tliev  ai'e  or.Iinary 
}.roducts    of    metamorphism.    where     the    pn.per    in'orcdients    are 
[•rosont    in   the    rocks.      If  their  s,.urce  were  .leei.-s., ted,  however 
their  relation   to  the  veins  remains  to  l.e  determined.      At   present 
It   is   not  possihK    to    decide   tiiis  with    acciiiacv.      It  appears  that 
I'lnchof  the  sulphides  in  the  veins  has  been  concentrate.I  from  the 
country-rock,  like  tlie  <r()ld. 

\\  iiatever  the  facts  concerning  the  origin  of  the  ingredients  of 
liie  sulphides,  tlieir  concentration  is  easier  to  folloM".  It  occurred 
mainly  heforo  the  first  period  of  folding  and,  of  course,  after  the 
eiitr.ance  (.f  the  veins.  The  presem-e  of  the  o,-es  a.ong  be<hling- 
planes,  and  their  folding  with  the  sediments,  indieate  this.     Tliisls 


.'>!•<■>      PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  XATL'HAL  HISTORY. 


IriK'  luiit'unuly  of  tlio  pyrito,  and  to  a  groat  extent  of  the  ansenopyrito. 
In  some  ])laces  ehaleopyrito  appears  in  eleavage  planes,  in  thin 
slieets  with  hriglit  surfaces.  In  sueli  eases  it  is  still  a  (piestion 
whether  it  was  deposited  there,  or  whether  it  lias  been  drawn  out 
by  sid)S('(|ueiit  displaeenietit.  The  gold  was  concentrated  at  the 
sanu'  time  with  the  siilphiiles.  The  gathering  took  place  under  the 
intliKMU'e  of  solutions  pei'colating  latei-dly  and  still  more  (hiwnward, 
as  shown  l)y  the  attitude  of  much  of  the  ore.  This  movement  has 
coiitinui'd  in  a  very  suiall  way  ever  since  its  beginning.  The  faults 
of  the  two  periods  of  disturbance  are  rarely  tilled  with  ore,  and 
where  tliey  ;u-e  its  origin  is  not  clear.  IJegional  met.'imorphism  of 
tlu'  series,  manifesting  itself  in  yet  other  ways,  l)elongs  to  the  same 
peri()d.  The  chlorite  is  cliietly  in  b'.'ddiiig-planes,  as  far  as  studied  ; 
but  much  remains  to  l)e  learned.  The  same  may  be  saiil  of  tiie 
second.i.ry  musc()\ite  and  caicile. 

iiranites  may  have  come  in  between  this  and  the  next  event,  but 
probably  not  until  after  lioth  jieriods  of  oro^cnic  disturbance  and 
liefori'  tile  cleav.ige.  They  are  said  to  iiitruile  iietweeii  bed(i:iig 
planes  in  some  places,  and  to  have  no  pi'rceptiblc  influence  upon 
the  distribution  of  tlie  veins,  or  of  the  gold  in  them  or  in  the  sedi- 
ments; liut  tew  data  are  available.  The  granite  at  llalil'ax  appears 
not  til  run  intu  be(ldiug  jdanes,  nor  do  these  planes  seem  to  buckle 
uji  over  the  intru:-ive  mass.  One  thing  must  be  renu'inbered,  how- 
ever, in  any  attempt  to  classit'y  the  intrusives  of  liianile  in  a  time- 
scale  of  the  history  of  the  series.  We  ]i;ive  no  proof  whatever  that 
the  ir(  as  of  granite  art'  all  ■)(  the  same  age,  an<l  for  the  present  the 
evideiu'c  presi'hted  iiy  each  batliolitie  ?iiass  must  bi'  examineil 
separately. 

First  period  of  folding,  giving  east  and  west  folds,  with  t'ew 
faults,  flexing  veins  ,iud  bedding-iilanes  alike.  The  co.arser  uiits 
were  corrugated  with  as  much  ease  as  the  finest  pelites,  as  though 
the  mass  wi're  (|uile  plastic.  This  condition  obtained  froi;"  the  iow- 
c>t  to  the  highest  mtuniier  of  the  series  as  we  have  it  now,  showing 
that  vastly  mon^  of  it  e\iste(l  then. 

Second  jieriod  of  folding,  evtending  forward  for  a  consideralilo 
time  arel  forming  waves  whose  axes  run  uighlv  north  and  south. 
Tlie  action  loosened  the  strata  somewhat,  giving  opp(U'lnnitv  for 
the  following  conse(pieiH'es. 

Rolling  of  portions  of  the  veins  , and  adjacent  beds,  at  ]»oints  on 
the  sides  of  the  secomi  series  of  folds   where  the  axes  of  the  first 


^ 


WOODMAX:   GOLD-BEARING   SLATES   OF   NOVA    SCOTIA.     ^VM 

f.-Ms  [.Imitrc..  They  were  maile  In-  a  revival  of  vein  activity.  Kitlier 
some  eoueentratio.i  of  sold  took  place  at  the  same  tiiMe,' as  sl.ovvu 
l.y  eert.ani  po.'ket.s  o„  the  siiles  of  v„lls,  .„•  else  ail  ay  part  of  this 
tiold  was  hioiiuht  up  l.y  the  new  solutions. 

As  reganls  origin,  tiel.l  evideiiee  leads  directly  to  the  theory  that 
rolliiiii-  was  caused  in  j.art  hy  the  n.irth-south  foidinu-,  i„  part  hv  the 
slow  entrance,  suhse^pient  to  the  formation  (,f  tin'  veins,  df  more 
silica  than  conl.l  he  ac<-omni.Hlated  rea.li'v  in  the  space.  The 
oroo-cnic  forces  had  ere.at.'d  weakness.  Tlie  new  silica  male  its 
way  •lono-  these  planes,  where  presstne  was  relieved  l.y  partinu'  of 
tlie^str;it;i.  \ot  \,v\u<j:  satisfied  with  the  space  already  provided,  it 
I'lickled  up  the  str.at.a  nearest  it,  whenever  tiie  surrnundin-  s.-lj. 
nuMits  were  not  t....  unyieldinu'.  nntil  the  pressures  were  e.piaiized 
and  no  more  material  could  enter.  Faultin--,  ch.sin-j;-  the  second 
•■I""'''  of  "n.oHMiic  ;icti,.n.  These  <lislo,Mtions  ran  in  the  .Hrecti-.n 
nl  the  newer  folds,  and  cut  (.ft  the  rolls.  In  >on.e  instances  simple 
.i'Hiits  were  f(.rmed.  wi(h(.ut  later.al  movement.  Where  the  second 
l-eriod  (.f  disturhani'e  has  m.t  faulted  the  rocks,  ii  ..ppcars  in  some 
re-ions  t..  have  jointed  them  north  ;ind  south,  and  a  U-w  of  the 
(Insures  are  Ijiled  with  veins.  Other  systems  appeared  prohahly 
at  various  times,  and  the  history  ..f  each  district  must  l.e  studied 
«^e|.arately.  \"ery  little  nniieraliz.ilion  took  place  after  these  last 
pl.'ines  of  separ.ition  -.vcre  formed.  In  some  places  joints  have 
curved  in  i.;issin!i-  rolls,  as  cleavauc  has  done. 

i-ocal  revival  of  vein  action,  marked  iu  such  places  as  Cnw  Hay, 
The  v:,.l  1  in  the  veins  there  j.rol.al.ly  tntered  fr(.m  I.eh.w  with  the 
.Li'anune. 

^  ^  Cle.Mv.'io-,.,  strikin-'  id.o.it  X.  (1(1  K.,  and  cultin--  all  the  veins. 
The  effect    was   produced   hy  pressmv  apjiarently  nearly  p.arallel  to 

th.it  which  »ave  the  first  foldino-.      The  condit s  of  the  sediments 

were  .liffrrent.  however,  at  this  later  epoch.  Instead  of  the  plas- 
ticity due  (o  yc.uth,  lack  of  complete  cousolid.ation,  and  a  consider- 
al.le  !..;id  (.f  superincundient  rock,  the  force  had  to  deal  with 
riyidity.  remh'red  Li'ivater  hy  the  (piart/  veins  scattered  throuiih  the 
mass,  ami  proh.d.ly  with  a  much  reduced  load,  which  woidd  of 
itself  decrease   plasticity. 

.Vfter  these  occurred  certain  other  details  of  the  history,  to  which 
no  detiinte  order  is  assiirnahle.  An  irresxiUar  local  faultinu  is  one 
of  the  latest  in  many  places,  and  nniy  he  duo  to  eomparatively 
recent  warping-  from   some  of  the  last   oscillations  of   the  peninsida. 


;;ii,s    ri!(K  KEi)iN(j!S.-  bu.  t<l\  sociktv  natural  iiistdkv. 

Tills  or  sor.ic  (.tinT  orngoiiic  iiiovoiiu'iit  of  wide  oxtriii  niid  sliijlit 
ottVc'l  lias  iiicliiuMi  tlu-  cloaviii-t'  at  most  points.  As  it  lias  not 
altt'ird  tlu-  slrikc  of  tin-  jilanrs  of  tissililv,  it  actod  ])aralit'l  to  tlic 
hnvv  wlii.  Ii  prnduwd  tlicsc  j)laiR's.  A  small  coiu'cntratioii  of 
siiljiliidcs  niav  have  taken  |ilaci'  also  since  the  eleavaue  (llainilton, 
'ti(i):  luit  the  |)resence  of  sMl|i]iides  in  the  planes  may  he  due,  on 
the  other  hand,  to  the  stiX'tehinu-  and  shearini;  of  erxstals  wliieh  lav 
in  the  heddiny-.  These  oecuirences  often  aeeonipanv  hiiu'ht  sliek- 
ensides.  \\.\ns  of  vai'ioiis  a-es  Ijlj  irreo-ular  tissiires,  and  are 
.y'ene rally  liarren.  I  have  not  found  any  iienetratin-'  into  tlie  lower 
C'arl.oniferoiis  rocks,  and  helievc  that  they  are  all  older  than  this 
period  hut  youn-'er  than  the  cleavau'e  and  most  of  tiie  joinfinu-. 

How  many  cycles  of  erosi.m  the  series  has  snffered  cannot  he 
-letermined.  At  (iay's  Ifiver  Mines  all  the  features  note.,  elsewhere 
can  he  seen  in  the  rocks  underiyini.-  the  lo„.  r  Co  o.Miiferons  co„- 
-■hunerate.  Init  >lup  at  its  hase.  Tlie  latter  has  sniVered  no  distur- 
hauce  sutlicicnt  t..  fold  or  fault  it.  althon-h  slickensides  .,n  the 
pehhles  and  cement  tell  ,if  intern.ai  movement.  It  is  hiohlv  proha- 
hle.  therefore,  that  all  uf  the  effecis  ou'hned  ahove  liad  lieeii  c.,m- 
pieted  hm-hefore  that  time,  for  tile  honlders  in  tlie  conol,,nier;ite. 
largely  from  the  >late  and  whin  ,.nd  veins,  exhjhit  the  >anie  phenom- 
ena as  (h,.  uudcrlyiiiL:-  mcks.  'I'h,'  ^lrncture  of  the  older  sedi- 
ments, and  the  char.acter  of  their  cont.act  with  the  connlonierate 
■•il.ove.  nIiow  that  the  former  series  was  denuded  l.etore  ('arhonit'er- 
"us  times,  prul.al.ly  ih..  lar.ovr  part  of  the  ori-inal  mass  havino- 
l"'en  l.ist.  The  histnry  since  the  C.arhoniferous  is  in  .^reat  measure 
l'i-"l'l'''nalical,  hut  wh.at  we  know  of  the  slruclure  in.licates  that 
ll"'  l"poirrapIiieehan,ues  have  lieen  far  less  than  those  which  look 
platM'  liel'ore. 


SiMMAKv   OK   Kai;i.v   Stikiks. 

'I'hc  melaiuorphic  sc^ries  e.arly  attracted  the  attention  of  ohservers 
l.ul  the  main  a.'tivity  shown  in  its  study  was  nianifeste-l  imme- 
diately after  the  discovery  of  n-,,|d  ahout  isilO,  ()„  n,,.  „hole.  the 
Mork  done  up.ui  the  r.,eks  lias  heen  nnsysteniatie,  with  the  e.\c<'p- 
tioii  of  that  carrie.I  on  hy  the  (Jeohi^nral  survey  of  (Vuiada.  'I'he 
followin-  notes  are  arraimed  clir..nolo<rieaIIy,  to  irive  the  advance 
in  knowle.lo-,.  ,,f  the  whole  series  rather  than  .,f  parti.ailar  pr.d.- 
lonis  eoniiected  with  it. 


\VOf»DMAX:  OOLD-nEAKIXG   SLATES   OF    NoVA    SfOTIA.    ."V.!',! 


Jackson  ami  Al^cr  {'-.Vl)  ihiIlmI  the  slatt's,  iinilinu-  oraiiito  pro- 
triidintr  tlirnu<r|i  tlicni.  Tlio  latter  arc  the  older,  and  the  sodiiiioiits 
were  laid  horizontally  ii|i(ni  them. 

<TesMer  (".H'd  first  niapiied  the  series  definitely,  o'ivinrr  nlso  a  ln-ief 
descrijition.  in, "4;:]  he  niatie  another  inap  and  deseripti(ni,  ]iulilisli- 
iiil;-  the  tnrnier  in  '4;"),  The  lowest  of  the  nietainor|.hi('  seilinients 
I113  called  Canilirian,  and  descril)e(l  as  uravwacUe.  elav  slate, 
Ix'coiiiinL;-  micaceous  an<i  chloiitic  in  places,  and  (juartz  rock,  (ien- 
eral  relations  with  the  granites  on  the  n<irth  and  south  were  shown. 

D.iwson  ("."id)  called  the  rocks  "compact  and  tlau^y  (piartzite 
(often  wealhcrinu'  while),  mica  slate,  and  cl;iy  slate."  He  recou'- 
nized  the  granites  us  intrusive,  and  considered  the  sediments  lower 
>iliniin  or  older.  In  1  n.'i.")  he  I'el'eri'cd  to  them  as  lower  than  the 
Dexonian,  and  pcrha|>s  ei|uivalen1  to  the  I'otsd;im,  I'lica.  and 
Hudson  i.'ivei'  lieds  elsewhere.  A  u'eneral  map  shows  the  .lislrihu- 
tion  of  the  foi'ination.  and  calls  it  -perhaps  .altereil  lower  Silurian." 
in  'M)  he  suu^Liested  that  it  m.iy  correspond  to  the  I'aradoxides 
zone  in  Newfoundland.  ;i  posiliou  ;ip;'r<ned  ii\-  iJd'inu's  ('HO). 

'i'hc  date  of  the  original  discovery  of  oojd  is  unknown.  'I'ho 
sands  of  the  Avon  were  panned  m;iny  years  ai;d  as  a  pastime.  It 
is  more  th.an  a  century  since  AVaverly  was  said  to  contain  <j,-old, 
'int  no  aciiv.'  work  was  iloue  until  "."jS  ((iilpin.  'S(>).  .\  somewhat 
lalei'  d.ate  h;is  hccn  u'iven  Ity  .M.arsli  for  the  discoverv.  who  st.ated 
in  '(il  that  it  w;is  lirsf  seen  in  March  of  that  yc.ir,  in  the  lied  of  a 
small  trihiitary  of  the  Tangier  River,  ami  soon  .  fter  in  (ptartz  \eins. 
In  the  same  p.aper  he  noted  the  irreo'ul.arity  of  strike  of  the  veins 
at  Tangier,  and  the  ju'oti.al.le  oliliteration  of  all  fossils  in  the  sedi- 
ments liy  reui(ui;.l  nielannjrpliism.  Where  the  slate  carries  uold, 
the  v.alue  of  the  veins  is  not  diminisluMl,  and  on  the  whole  the 
(piartz  is  less  pockety.      The  niet.il  prohahly  coines  from  the  slate. 

Dawson  ('(11)  considereil  the  veius  '■  strictly  a  coutinnation  of 
tliose  which  run  .alono-  the  eastern  .\ppalaclii;in  slope  as  far  as 
Alabama." 

('ampl)ell  ('(I'J)  thou^hl  the  leads  true  veins.  |\iuu-  m.ainly  in  the 
lieddin^-plaru's.  hut  oce.asionally  (U'ossinu-  them.  ]\Iarcou,  in  the 
same  yai',  referred  the  rocks  to  the  Tac()uic  system,  llonevm.an 
('t)'J)  deseril)e(I  Allen's  and  Kaidl.aw's  pro|)erty  at  \>'averlv.  Fii 
the  former  mine  (he  veins  are  nearly  veitical.  ami  stratiiirapliically 
lower  th.ni  ;it  Laidlaw's,  where  they  lie  tint,  ''somewhat  like  a 
stratum." 


400     rROCKEDING.S:   BOSTON  SOCIIvTY  NATURAL  HISTOHV. 
Catuphdl  con)  gavo  a  n:oneralize<l  section  across  the  series,  aii.l 


(lividod  tlic  r<M'I<s  into  a   lower 


or  qnart/ito  iiroiip  and  an  u])i)er  or 


slate   oroui..     He  regarde<l  the    eross-lea.ls    as   vouncrer   than    tl 
l>('d(h'(l  veins.  -         .- 

Hartt  (T^)  i-roved  the  pre  Carbon iferons  a-e  .,f  the  eon<-ent.a- 
tion  ot  i^old,  l,y  its  presL.nee  in  lower  Tarhoniferons  eon-donierate 
'"  I'oiii.lers  of  the  niefa.norphir  series.  The  lea.ls  in  the  hnver 
roeks  end  ahriiptlv  upward  auainst  the  connlomerate. 

Dawson  (-(IS,  mappoU  the  outHnes  ,,f  the  series  i„  a  oeneral  w;i\ 
and  eaHe.l  attention  to  the  elay  slates  near  the  Atlantic  coast! 
I'mt  COS,  ,hI|<..1  the  he.lde.l  veins  contemporary  sedimentary 
"■p'-.ls,  as  did  al.o  Hind  a  year  later  ('(iil).  I„  the  latter  papJr 
the  hrstann..„nr,Mnentnf  fossils  was  made,  l he  forms  .-ivn.  hein^ 
/  >>hu'nfrorA>,s  ,,„j,,,  ,„„,  ,>  ,nnnr(VAnuu,ns),  with  a.vompanvin<- 

*'''*''=""^-     -^'■•ny  similar  reports  have  been  made  since,  but  in  no 

'•ase  IS  the  status  .,f  ,he  form  well  established.      As  vet.  nolhin-  has 
•'<■<■"   bMUHl   so  .•learly  ors^nnic  that,  it   is  of  tlu.   lea^t   value  forevi- 
'l'':""-        I5.V   means   of  these    fossils    Ili„d   sou-ht   to  establish    the 
senes  .■,.  „,,,„.,   I'o.sdan.   and   lower  Calcifen.us,  and  e-puvahmt  lo 
the  ^old-lK.ann;,  ro.ls  of  North  Carolina  (Ascribed  l,v  I),-.  Knunons. 
lie  also  mentioned  ..ruptive  beddrd  rorks  at  Waverl'v,  callin--  them 
•••horucs.  diabas...  .ioloril...  ,.|...-      I,,  the  next  voar  (70  .  TiR  7(1") 
!'<'    -   v..    the    thickness   of    t|„.   whole   series   as     !±()(I0    f^i-t     with 
Hnro,    ,„   strata   bHow.     The  .^ranito   whirl.    pr.,tn.des  through   it 
was  >,    u.d   fo  b,.  srciimcntary  and  .,lder  than  the  auriferm.s  rocks 
>ts  apparent  .ntn.sion  havino-  lunm  ,.ans..d  by  up-faultin-  while   in   a 
plastic  condition. 

Selwyn  (7-J,  cuisidered  that  th.'  ope  , in-  and  lillin-.-  of  the 
strat,h..at,on  planes,  ,1,,.  .la,y  ..UMvaov.  an,i  the  rolling-  of  the  quartz 
^^■':'-"  ••'II  produced  by  the  san>e  force.  The  vius  are  thus  true 
veins,  and  younger  than  th,.  country-ro,.k.  He  numtioncl  the  dis- 
'•"v-ry  by  hnuself  of  Kophyton  at  the  Ovn's  Hhd'f:  and  from  this 
;'":'  """•'■  '■^"''■•"•"  '•"iicluded  that  the  series  >■  resembles  the  Can.- 
ln'ian  ,in.l  the  I.ine'ula-tlao-  .series  .,f  north  Wales.'' 

I>awson  (7s,  called  the  rocks  Camlu-ian. "  but  admitted  the 
impeileclion    nl    the   evidence. 

T-le  (NO)  f,.,,,„l  horses  of  slate  in  veins  at  Tanuier.  and  st-in.-ers 
rin.nmur  ,nto  the  country-rock  ;  thus  proviny-  beyond  doubt  that  'tl  ■> 
.U>|.os,ts  are  true  veins.  At  the  sa.ne  place  a  bedded  lead  is  cappe.l 
at.d  {.enetrated  by  gra.         .in>win!.  the  <rreater  a^e  ..f  the  Cornier 


VrOODMA.V:  fior.I)  IJEAIJINf!    SLATES   OF   NOVA   SCOTIA.     401 

Mica  and  foldspar  occur  with  the  quartz  as  gangue  minerals.  How 
('OS)  had  ah'eady  reported  albite  from  ^^^u•erly. 

.Murray  (>^l)  compared  tlie  series  with  tlie  gold-bearing  strata  of 
Xcwtoundland  underlying  the  Aspidilla  or  St.  Johns  slates,  de])os- 
'ted,  apparently,  at  tiie  close  of  Algonkian  times. 

(iiipin  ('Sii)  distinguished  only  one  period  of  folding.  The 
strata  were  opened  and  the  rolls  formed  at  the  same  time 
and  l(y  the  same  force,  the  veins  entering  siihsccjuently  at  an 
unknown  date.  The  bedded  veins  were  tilled  to  a  great  extent, 
l)ctore  lower  Carlioniferons  times,  tlu'  cross-leads  pei'haps  after  that 
pei'iod.  Later  (Sd)  he  assigneil  the  set  ies  to  the  lowei'  Cambrian, 
and  called  the  veins  :'.:;d  granite  inirnsions  roughly  contenipo- 
I'aneons, 

l'"aril»ault  ('s?)  regardiMl  (lie  Konhyton  of  Selwyn  as  inorganic. 
lie  diviiled  the  rocks  of  the  series  into  an  upper  graphitic  and  a 
subjacent  lower  C.amiu'ian  division.  TUv  latlei'  contains  l."),(M)0 
teel  of  strata,  ll.ddddt'  which  are  in  ('am|)bcirs  lower  group  and 
4,1)0(1  in  his  upper  di\  ision. 

(iilpni  ('ss)  placed  the  summit  of  the  ain-iferous  lieds  i.».s()0  feet 
below  the  base  of  the  upper  slate  group,  and  gave  tln'in  a  thickiu'ss 
ot'  .1,01  (f  feet.  T'ley  cont.ain  little  carlMUiate  of  lime,  while  the 
veins  e.intain  niiu-li.  The  latter  are  associated  with  predominant; 
sl.ates  ;iii(|  line-drained  whin,  and  tlieir  tilling  appe.irs  to  h.avc  come 
tVoni  the  counti'y  rock,  es|(eci,ally  tlu'  slate,  '{'he  gr;inite  intrusions 
are  prnbalily  later  th.an  tlu'  folding,  although  in  places  they  tongue 
inl'    the  sediments  .ahuig  the  be(|dinLi--|ilanes. 

Walcott  ('ill)  thought  thai  the  Cambrian  may  be  represented  in 
the  gold  scries.  Iiut  much  "f  it  is  older. 

\  an  llise  ('!••_')  regarded  Kopliyt(Ui  as  organic,  but  cuiisidered 
tln'  series  as  probably  .Mgonkian. 

Jieckei'  CO.")).  after  c(un|iiliiig  the  written  i'\  ideiice  on  the  subject. 
(  onsidi'red  the  veins  to  have  been  formed  by  the  same  force  that 
[iroduce<l  the  cleavage. 


ne 


Puor.i, i:\is   ioi!   SoiiiioN. 


Perhaps  of  chief  importance  •  .  the  study  of  the  rocks  is  to  ascertain 
their  age  with  some  degree  of  c(M'tainty.  This  can  be  done  only  l)y 
discovering  fossjis  more  unequivocally  organic  and  of  moi'e  strati- 
graphic  value  than  any  now  known  along  the  bonlers  of  the  series. 


40:> 


PIJ<)Cr;KI)I.VGS:    HOSI'ox  SOCIKTV 


NATURAL  IIISTOliV. 


Fur  tlii'sf.,  it 


woiiM  scorn  tliat 


saiKl^luiics  pivsciit  the  hi-st 


^oino  of   tl.o  least    nK'tamori.lioscl 


"I'po'tnnitH' 


IH'  potn.grai.liic-  chai-artfr  of  tlio  sod 


iiiorjihisiii  iK'ar  tjraiiito  I 


iiiiist  rcct'iv 


">ssfs,  tile  cliaractcr  of  ti 


iMieiits,  tlie  contact  iiiet.i 


^'  ' •aretMl  treatment  I.efore  ti.e  J.istorv  of  tl 


'"■    well    llM.IeiXtn(„l.        A 


lese  mtnisions,  all 


le  series  can 


seiliinciits  will  jj 
,2<'1'1,  ainl   n 


"  '^■^:"'""='"""  "f  ti.e  .netan>..r,,hism  of  tl 


ii'ow  sonic  li^ht  n|M.n  t 


le  ( 


»nan  vol 


]")ii   tlie  iiistniy  nf  the  latter.      'I'l 


'riuin   of  liotli  V 


10 

eiiis  and 


••allies  in  file  east 


SolllC    CillllK 


tlOll 


'■Hon  witli  tlio  aurit' 


i-:-!i   part  of  the   ]*: 


><>-ealled  pix'-C"ain- 


rovinee  also  mav  havi 


Wlllcll    IS    licill 


artlicr  soutii. 


paid  to  the  old  extr 


oroiis  series,  an.l  deserves  tl 


le  atton- 


iisioiis  of  the  Atlantic 


eoast 


II  eoiinection  with  tl 


prevaloiK 


111  the  ari,M'|lac( 


10  occurrence  of  tlio  gold,  tl 


not 


'<>  siiiipie  as  that  of  the  f 


'U'*  iiienihers  of  the  f 


may  receive  at  tiic  1 

one  given  hero.      '[' 

"f  th.'  series  Jms   vct  t..   1 

distriliiitic 

•luring  tli 


|-ei|iieiicv  of  veins  in   tl 


ic  reason  for  its 
onnation,  which  is 


i.iinls  ot   another 
'e  aL;-e,   jn'ogress,  am 
•e   studied,  and 


It'  same  rocks 
an  niswei'  different  from  tin 


f-vtent  of  the  deiiiid 


'II  iir    coi; 
e    ln'ocos' 


ecntration   ..f   th 


may  throw  liuht 


ttion 


the  t 


!• 


'1  \vliich  has   ]>. 


upon  tl 


10 


iii.'..lv.  ti 


wo  n'reat  oroi'- 


'•'  nature,  or 


'en  removed 


not  been  studied  with  tl 


eiiic  turces  which  1 


ipii.  and  direction    of 


le  I'are  they  deserve. 


lave  iiitliienced  tl 


It'  series  have 


I 


AlK 


I?ai 


I5(c 


Ciui 


(•an 


I);u 


l)i\ 


l)a\ 


Dm 


I  lav 


Dav 


STORY. 


WOOOMAX:  OOLD-BRAIJIXO    SLATES   OF   XOVA    s'cOTTA.      lO,"? 


tanioi'j)li(isci] 

|>iitaot  incta- 
ntrii.siuiis,  all 
e  st-ries  can 
Iiisin  of  tlu" 
1'  vi'in.s  uikI 
■'1  pre-Caiii- 
•'  niay  liavi' 
>i  the  attt'ii- 
tlantio  coast 

asoii  for  its 
".  wliich  is 
'aiiiG  rocks, 
t  from  the 
iloiiudutioii 

t    Hjioll    the 

11  removed 
ii'ectioii  of 
series  Jiave 


LITE15ATLHK 


Amlfrsdii,  W.  J. 


'fij.     Goltl  tiekls  of  Xuva  Sentia.    Trans,  lit.  and  liist.  snc.  Q 
[it.  2.  p.  .■lo-')(). 


ui'lx'C.  new  .scr. 


r.ailcv.  L.  W 


ii'i.     I'l'diininary  report  on  ,s:eoloj;ical  investisrations  in  southwpstoni  Xuva 
Scotia.     Au!'.  rcpt.  geol.  siirv.  Can.,  18'.»2 -!•;!,  rept.  C^.  21  jip.i  map. 


liickcr,  (i.  V 


11.1 


(iolil  tiolds  of  the  soiithriii  Ap]ialaeliian,s.     Sixtocntli  aim.  rcpt.  T'.  S. 
>1.  surv.,  ]it.  :i.  p.  2.")  1 -•".;! I. 


liillinirs,  K 


'till.     [Review  of]   Aeadian   u-eMJnyy  and  a  .supplementary  chapter  thereto. 
Can.  nai..  vol.  •'),  p.  i^M-4')'). 
Cain])liell.  ,1.  S, 

'ii2.     Report  on  ;;-o]d  lieMs,  eastern  section.     Halifax,  1m;2,  8  pp. 
Cauiiibell.  .1.  S. 

(i:;.      lieiini-l  on  the  uold  lields  of  Xciva  Scotia.     Halifax,  isd:!,  12  [ip. 
l);'.vsun.  .1.  \V. 
'  \t'i      A  handbook  of  the  i;'eoi;r;ipliy  and  natural   histury   of  the   rrovinee  of 
.Novii  Sentia.      I'ietiiii,  lS4(i. 
Daws,. 11.  ,1.  W, 
'oil.     On  the  iiietainorplii(^  and  iiietalliferoiis  rocks  of  eastern  Xovti  Scotia. 
(,jnnrt.  jonrn.  geoi.  .soc.  London,  vol.  t>,  p.  :!17-:104,  map. 
Dav.son.  .1.  W. 

'■">-"i.     .Vradian  ui'ohiLiy.     18-')o. 
Daw,-,. ,11.  ,1.  \\. 
'■'>'.     ( >n  tlie  [larttllelisni  of  the  1  ,,d<  f(,riii;Ui(,ns  of  X,,va  Se.itia  witli  those  of 
,'lh,'r  |iarts  ,if  Anieiii'a.     I't'oc.  .\iner.  as--o,'.  ad\.  sci,.  vol.  lo.  [i.  18-2."). 
l)a\vs,>n.  .1.  W. 

'(ill,     Siippleiiieiitar\'  chapter  t,>  the  .Veailiati  geohii^y.     IvliiiliurL;h,  18(ii), 
l)a\vs,>ii,  .]    W. 
'111.     I  111  iJH.  recent  discoM'fies  of  g,i],l  in  N'ova  Sc,,tia.     Can.  iiat.,  vol.  (!, 
1,    117    |:;2. 
Daus.ui,  .L  W 
"O^,     .\,'adian  t:i'olo::y.     'i'lie  u'eol,)_;ical  sirib'ture.  ,iiL;anie  remains,  and  min- 
eral ics,ii,r<'i's  ,if  Nova  Scotia,  .New  l)riiiis\vi,'k,  an,!  I'rin,','  Lihvard  Island. 
Kd.  2.  Lon,h,ii,  18(18. 
Dawson,  ,1.  \V. 

'7(1,     Sii|ipleinent   to  Acadian  .ueolngy,  1870. 
Dawson.  .L  \V. 
'7s.     .\cailian  geoloiry.     I'M.  :;,  Lonihni,  1878. 


MISTORY. 


401      I-IU)CKKDIXUS:  BOSTON'  SiKUWY  XaTURAL 

Dawson,  J.  W, 

•X^.     n„  ,l„.  .v,..oi,.  nn.l   l-al,.„.oi,.  r.rks  „f  ,1,..  AtlMMli..  ooast  of  Canada   in 
o.u,M,.,s.,n  .HI,  t  ,„s..  „f  w,.st,.n.  Kuropo  and  „f  ,|,..  in,..,,,,,  „f  A      H. ' 
^un-t    ,„„„.,.  .,.,.!,  so,.    ,  .,n,i„n,  v„I.  44,  ,.  7!.7-,,:  ;  v„l.  -,,,  „  '■    .'c ' 

(  an.  n.|..  sci.,  vnl.  .'l,  p,  sl>,  s;!.  i';{(i,  :-;'i,  .  i>.  >"  i  uk. 

Farili.iiilt,  K.  U. 

■H7.     I{.;por,  „n    il„.   l„w,.r   Ca.nl.rian    rn.ks  of  Cuysboro,,.],  and    irdifvv 
^^_^^ ---.     .;..o,.  na,.  his,,  sun-.  Can  ,  n.pt.  ,„■  .s,,,  p,  ,,  „,  ..^^'^f' "'^^ 

'ST.     !{epo,i  on  i:..„l  „i,.,|  ,„,,„,,  ,,,,  „,,,,,„,„  i„„,  .  ,  ,,,„  ^ 
Wo,.  .  A,.n.,n,s,,.  r.|,.,..,...,   ^ 

pnL  '      "  "■  ■'''"■^■'  '''^"-  '■'■!"•  '"'•  '•^■^".  1".  I",  p.   Ml'.S  - 


fiesiicr.  A 

of).     Ii..|iia|.k..,  (HI  ,1',.   ci'olo-y    and    i 
1^-'>i>,  'J72  pji.,  niaj 
Gesiicr,  A. 

•4;i.     .\    ;:rnl,,i;i,.ai    map   ,,r    .\,,va   Souia.    v.itli    , 


iniif.i.ali.uy  ,,f   x,,va    S|.,,|ja,     Halifax, 
111   anooinpniiyinjj:   nicinoii. 


I-|.,„.    , I     .,,,    I    ,   .  ,    ,  '"   ■"•""ipaiiyinjj:   nicinon. 

;.:,.:.;.'.n.,:L,':::n;: ;;;:.;;,'; '-':""■  '"■"•' *i.«^.-vi.i, 

(u'SIIrl-.   A. 

•4^     0..ol,..i,.al   ,nap  of  N.va  S,.,,,ia.     .^.ar,.  ,„„■:,,  ,..„,.  so..   ,,„nd„n,  vol. 
,;„„':,;';;;■''■-'■     '■'' "I-">"'- l-l-- l.y  Oaws,,,,  a ii,.„a..,|   M,..,„,,.] 

■-ti'.     Tl„.ind„M>-ialivs,,u,.,.,.s„fX„vaSe,.,ia,      Hali.ax,  isjn 
('ilpin,  I',,  It,. 

'SL'.      'I'Iic    n-,ili|    li|.|,ls   ,,f    \,,v.|    S,.,,ii.,         I.-,,,;,  , 

-  „.   ,-_,^^  '■'  """■'•     '■ii-'i'-  and  luin.  j,,niai..  v,.].  .'JJ,  p. 

<iilpin,  K. 

■>-■'•     Til..  ,i.ap   mill,  i-a!>  ,,f  \,,va  s,.,,iia      ■ri-ii,s    V    -,   x     ,■ 

sri..  vol.  .-,,  p.  -s;;--,;.  ''   "'"'"'    '"■^''   "'^t- 

(lilpii:,  E. 
>o.     {{cMilis  ,if  past  ,.xp..i-i,.n,.,.  in  uu'd 
assoc.  ailv.  s,.i,,  vol.  .",:;.  p.  711  ^yj^. 
(iil|iiii.  I-:. 
'Mi.     N'liva  S,-ni;a  -iilij 
<'71-ii^!i,  map. 
(iilpin,  !■;. 


■miiiin-  ill  .\,,va  S,.,,,ia.     i;,.pi.  iji-ji 
'"'"'•'■     ''''•'"^-   •\"i'''-    iiiM.   mil,,  ,.n.,i„.,  v,,l.  l-t.  „. 


>s.      .\,,| 


cs  on  111,.    x,,v,,  Si'iiiia  -oM  (i,.',is. 


I  rails.  i.,n-.   so.\  Can.,  vol    (! 


sfri.  -I.  p.  (i;;-7(i. 
(Iilpin.  1;, 

'"'!■     ■'■'"■  '"'''"'"■■,"■   "  '^""'  "■"■'^'   •■^"■''""i>,.o„s  ..„n^lo,n,.,.ato.     Trans 

1".\  .  .'ioi'.  Lain,  Vi)  ,  s,  si.|.|     1     i,    11-    in         v,    ,        .    ^,    .  nai'^,. 

<;ilpin,|.;.  '  "■  I-  P-  H  ,  -1  .1.     -Mnn-a  1,  Scencv,  vol.  l.:,  p.  ;i7;j. 

''■*>-.     <iivs,,f  N,,va  S,.niia.      Ila'ifa\-,  Ls'.i.s    |o  ,„| 
(ioss!,.,  \X.  •        II- 

'fil,     'i'lio  rocks  ill  ,li..  viiiniiv  Hf  U.ilif.ivi      i>.^.        1  ^  » 

i:.-.."H...•i.,^.,l.  I.p,..,,;  m'J;  ^-     ""•"'"'  '^■=^"^-^ovaScoliaa 


WOODMAN:    COLD-IJEAKING   SLATKS   OF   NOVA    SCOTFA.     40.') 


Halifax, 


f 

i 

i 


Ctossip,  \y. 

'05.    Oil  the  barrel  iiuartz  near  Wavfrly.     Vmc.   mikI  trans.  Nuva  Scotian 
iii.st.  iiat.  .sii.,  vol.  1,  pt.  ;;,  1).  1-)1-14l'. 
IFaiiiiltdii,  r.  S. 

■(id.     Aurift'i'diis  (U-posit.s  of    .Nova   Scotia.     I'rnr.   ami  tr:i'.s.  Nova  Scotian 
inst.  iiat.  .sci.,  vol.  1,  \i\.  4.  \i.  t.". -'il. 
Ilartt.  ('.  V. 

■(!4.     I'lv-Cailioiiileroii.s  gold.     Can.  iiat..  new  .ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  4u!»-4t!l. 
Ilcatiiinuloii.  A. 

'(iS.     'iiiidf  to  till' irol.l  iicld.s  of  Nova  Scotia.     1S(18. 
Hind.  11.  V. 

'(!'.>.     IJciiorl  (111  the  '^'avciiy  u-old  dislrict.     Halifax.  l>^d'.i, 'Sl' jip.,  nmp. 
Hind,  H.  V. 

"•iii"  ■     (iold  deposit.^  of  .Nova  Scotia.     Can.  iiul..  new  .scr..  vol.  4.  p.  :i:.".»  l'4ii. 
Hind,  II.  V. 

"Tit.     Notes  on   the  structure  of  the    Nova  Scotia  i^uld  districts.     I'roc.  and 
trans.  .Nova  Scotian  iiist.  iial.  sci..  vol.  2.  jit  ."..  p.  KL'-IO'.t. 
HiiKl,  H.  V. 

'7(111.     I'reliiniiiary  report  on  a  ti'iieissoid   series  underlyiiii;'  the  i-'old  bearin,:; 
rocks  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  snpposi'd  to  be  the  ei|nivaleiit  of  i  he  i.aureiitian 
system.     Halifax.  l>^7(t,  \'i  \>[i. 
Hind.  H.  V. 
'7(iii .     On  two  niiei.-soid  series  ill  Nova  Scotia  and  New  lirnuswick,  supjiosed 
to  he  ilic  ei|uivalents  of  the  Hnroiiian  |('aiiiln-iiiiC  ai:  1  Laurentian.    (.^tiart. 
joitrii,  ueol.  soc.  London,  vol.  2t<,  p.  4(iS-47'.'.  map. 
Hin.l.  II.  V. 

"7ii<' .     On  llie  Laurentian  and    lluionian    series  in    Nova   Scotia    and    New 
lirutiswicU'.     Aiin'r.  joiirn.  .sci..  ser.  2,  vol,  to,  p.  ;!47-:;"i."'). 
''ind,  11.  V. 

'7(i'l  .     Keiiort  on  the  Shcrliroidv  uold  di>i  rici,  loLiciher  wiiii  a  paper  on  tin; 
gneisses  of  Nova  Scoiia  ami  an  alisiraci  of  a  paper  ■ui  gold  niininL:  in  .Nova 
Scotia.     Halifax,  1H7II,  7ii  i)]).,  I  maiis. 
Hind.  11.  V. 
"71.'.     Keiiort  on  the  Mount   I'liiake,  Oldhairi,  and    l!enfrew  gold  niiniii'.;' dis- 
tricts.    Halifax,  1872.  LK!  pii.,  plates. 
Hoiicyinan,  1). 

'(i-.     On  the  geology  of  the  gold  ticlils  of  Nova  Sctia.     (^luari.  jourii.  geol. 
soc.  Lon<lon,  vol.  \><,  p.  .'!4i.*-'!47. 
lloiii'yii;an.  0. 
'7(1.     (icology  of  the  (lay's  Uiver  gold  held.     I'roc.  and  lran>.  Nova  Scotian 
inst.  nat.  sci.,  \ol.  2.  p.  7(!-Sl . 
II. a  ,  II. 

'o-.     Mineralogy  of  Nova  Scotia.     li^CiS. 
How.  II. 
'lilt.     The  mineralogy  of  Nova  Sc-otia.  a  report  to  the  provincial  governn.ent, 
vi.     Halifax,  l.'^'U),  L'K  pp. 
Howe,    I. 

'(II).     lieport  on  the  gohl  tields.     Halifax,  INiO. 


fl 


I<»i;      rK(n,hi;i)lN(..S:  JIoSTON  .S(X'1KIV  NATIIJAL  IHSTOHY. 

IldWr.  ,[. 

'liOi'       TiuiniiT  iiiiiics.     |{ci)iirt    to  ilir  piiiviiiciiil  secretary.     Iliilifnx,  18(iO, 


Howe,  .1. 

"111.      Xov.l   Seoliu  nold   liultls.      Letter  to  til 

I  Nil 

Howe,  J. 


e  proviiu'ial  secreliiry.     Halifax, 


PI' 


il    .     Nova  Scotia  golil  lields.     l{e|iort  to  tli 
l^ill,  I  pp. 


e  provincial  .secretary.     Iliilifax, 


HoWr,  .1. 


'1.     Krpoi'i  on  -olil  til  Ms.     lialil'ax.  isTl.  7  pp 


lliini.  '!'.  S. 
■(iS.     Ueport  on  ihe  LidM  regions  of  Xova  Scotia,     lieul.  surv.  Can.,  relit,  fur 
xo;^'^  :!■<  1  p. 
Jackson.  (  .  T.,  and  Aluvr.  F. 

':;:.'.     lieniarks  on  the    niiiieralo-y  and    -colony  of    the   peninsula  of   Xuva 
Scotia.     1  p;  pp..  co|or(  d  map. 
.lacksoii.  ( '.  'I'.,  and  .\;l:(  r.  !•". 

'.'Jo.     lieniarks  on  ihc  mincraloiiy  and  i;eoloi;y  of  N'ova  Scotia.     Mem.  Anier. 
acad.  ail-<  and  sciences,  new  ser.,  vol.  |,  p.  ■^]~  :',:',{). 
Lo-an.  W.  K. 


•i;.,.     ( 


leiilouiciil  survey  of  Canada,  report  of  proi^ress  fr(un  its  hi"j.i\ 


inniir  to 


isii;;.     i);l,s  pp.,  nuip. 
T.oiran.  \V.  K. 

■|l.'i.     .\llas  of  maps  and  sections. 
I,o-an.  W.  I-:. 

'Uli.     (iroloyical  maps  of  Canada  and  ad.jaeeiil 
Marcuu.  .f..  and  .laek^on,  ( '.  'l'. 


rfmoiis. 


'ilJ.     [N'ote  on  ;;'old  .slates  of  Nova  Scotia. ,      I'roc.  li< 


•t.  soc.  nat.  hist.,  vol.  ",», 


p.  47. 
.Marsh,  u.  C. 

'''■     ""■  -ol'l  of  No\a  Scotia.     .Vmer.  jotirn.  sci.,  ser.  2,  vol.  ;)l',  p.  ;!!ir)-4()(). 
.Matthew.  W.  1). 

'M'k     'I'lie  volcanir  I'oi'ks  of  thr  mariliinr  jirovinces  of  Canada.     iJnll.  New 
r.iunswick  nal.  hist.  soc..  no.  I:;,  p.  7i;.-.s:;. 
.\h.nrl..n.  (1.  F. 

'IM.      The  auriteroti>  series  of  Nova  Scoiia.     I'roc'. -colonists"  a.ssoc,  vol.  11 , 
p.  I.".  I    hU. 
Murray.  .\. 

't;;p.     (ii'ol.  surv.  Nrwionndliind,  rrpt.  for  '(;,><. 
Murray.  .\. 

■>!.     (ifol.  surv.  Newfoundland,  rcpt.  for  •SI), 
i'crley,  II.  F. 

'!'>'>-     Cold  in  Nova  Si'uiia.     Can.  nat.,  new  ser.,  vol.  i',  p.  |',).><  ■Jlii. 

I'oolo,    11. 

•r,-j.     I!,. port  oil  -nld  li.'Ms.  wcsicfn  section.     Halifax,  \x&2.  l'.'i  pp. 
I'oole,  II..   How.  II.,  and  Camphell.  ,1. 
''■'-•     A.lo  :i.  e.::i    paper,  on  Ihe    No\a    Scotia  u'old  lields.  includin-  Messr.s. 
Poole  ai      Camplu'irs  lepin'ts.     Halifax.  IsiJi.',  iji;  pp. 


WOODMAN:  (;oLI)~IU:AI!IN(.    SLATKS   of   nova    SCOTIA.    4l>7 


I'uiilf,  H.  S. 
'H(i.     'I'lic  K"lill>'''i<l-*  I'f  N'lva  Sciitiii.     (^uart.  jmirii.  geol.  s<ic.  London,  vol. 
:!(i,  p.  ;!(»7-:!i:i. 
ri'i'st,  \V.  II. 
'!).").     l)(i[p  iniiiiii'r  ill  Nova  Scotia.     I'l'OL'.  anil  tniiis.  Nova  Scotlan  in.sl.  nal. 
sci.,  vol.  s,  p.  \M-i:U. 
Scivyn.  A.  H.  C 

"i'^     ■Xot('.><an(l  obscrvatiiin.s  on  tlic  f:ol(l  licjds  of  (juclu'c  and  Nova  Scotia, 
(icol.  nat    iiist.  .snrv.  Can.,  rcpl.  for  lS7(t-7l,  \>.  •J'i:.'-28l',  map. 
Silliinan.  15.,  .Ir. 

■(U.     On  the  socallcil  ••l]an'fi  i(uart/."  of  Nova  .Scotia.     Anicr.  journ.  .sci,, 
■  T.  ■>.  vol.  ;;s,  p.  101  -liMl. 
Sitlinian,  1$.,  .Ir. 

'(!4"  .     Hi'port  on  the   Luke  Lonn  i;dlii  nunini;- company.     18(i4. 
Sillinian,  15.,  .Ir. 
■(il'i.     Kcport  on  tliy  New  York  and   Nova  Scolia  gold    mining  company. 
lH(i4. 
Van  Misc,  C.  U. 
■',•2.     Corrclaiion  paiicrs-Arclican  and  Algonkian.     Hull.  H(j,  I,'.  S.  guol.  snrv., 

11.  -j;!!  1-21 7 ,  r)02-.'«i);;. 

Walcolt,  C.  I). 

'HI.     ('(prrclalion  papers  — Camluian.     IJull.  s],  i:.  .S.  geol.  snrv.,  p.  ")('>-;V,>; 
2<l-_' ;  ;W(). 
Anon. 

■(;:;.     Oold  conunissioncr's  report,  for  |S(12.     18*1:5.  ^ 

Anon. 

■7(1.     ivcporl   of  the  chief  commissi. mer  of  mines  for  tiic  province  of  Nova 
Scotiii  for  llie  year  iscii.     ls7ii. 
Anon. 

'74-''.)'.).     Iteport  of   ilie  department  i>f   mines,  Nova  Scotia,  in  animal  vol- 
umes, for  the  vears  187:!-"'.>.s.     !,s74-!t'.». 


rrintol  Marrh,  7S99. 


WooiiMAN.  —  (iiilil-liciirinj:  ^latfs  of  N'ovii  Sidrlii, 


I'LATK    1. 

Miiji  (if  Wavci'ly.  scale  1:  11,1(10.  A,  iipinr  wliiii;  !'..  aiiritVi'ous  slate 
with  Irails ;  (',  liiwcr  whin,  v'diitaels  arc  lliu's  (if  dasii  ami  twn  dots; 
faults.  (lasli  niid  dot  :  veins,  dasji  i  axis  (if  aiitlcliiip,  full  heavy  lint'. 

S'H'lliiii  of  same,  aiiui.u'  axis  nf  fuld.  lldri/.cntal  scale,  1:  11.4(10;  vertical 
scale,  1  :  L'l,iili((.  Syndii'ls  and  lines  same  as  in  niaii.  Where  tin  axi.s 
Is  (iffset  liy  faultlnir.  iiie  ..<'Ctliin.  for  cmu'cnience,  still  fulhiWH  It,  exceiit 
In  the  case  nf  the  t>>"'  i  irrow  blocks  nn  the  e;ist,  where  It  keeps  its  pre- 
viiiiis  trend. 


.   f 


\Vii(i|>MAN. —  Nt)VA    S<<»riA    (lul.K    Si, A  IKS. 


I'l.vTi:    1, 


■  :x.:-^' :.■  -,  ,„  ,-!'.■„  -.iv-   .';  ■■ ,.  ■y-^'^-  ■,-'r-^-W'H. \ 


VVOODN 


WooD.MAv.  —  (iold-lieuriiiK  Slates  of  Nova  S-oti*. 


PLATE    2. 

Section  of   tlio  barrel  (|iiartz  lead  at  East  Waverly.  .sliowinir  ti^uo  dip. 
on  iiortliwesst  .side  of  pluiiue. 


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mMAN-Nov 


A    SCOTIA    GOLD    SLATES 


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pROC,     HOST      S' 


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rli>r,    VOL.    ib. 


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W^xiDMAN.    -  (!ip1<;  liiMi  ill"  Sliitcs  of  Neva  Sootiii. 


J'KATE    .']. 


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Sci'tidii  (if  Great  Xortli  m-  ••  Scr'iiciit  '"  Itiul,  Mnose  i-'ivfr  Miiu's,  near  the  crest 

of  tlie  uuticliite. 


''^•^ 


Boston  Society  of  Natural  History, 


ECENT  PUBLICATIONS. 


North  Aiiiei-ican  wood  frogs.     Hy  Hcginald  Holjir  Howe,  Jr.     (i  pp.    10  ct». 

Some  Ilydroids  from  I'nget  Sound.     By  Gary  N.  Cfilkiiis.    .'^5  pp.,   C,  plates. 

50  els.  _.-, 

The  Odoiiate  genus  Macrothends  ami  it.s  allies.  Uy  I'hilii)  1'.  Calvert.    .'!2  pp., 

2  plates.     50  cts. 

( Ml  the  veins  of  the  WolHian  bodies  in  the  pig.  By  Thar'js  Sodswick  .Minot. 

10  pp.,  1  plate.    2-')  cts. 

Notes  on  a  Carboniferous  boulder  train  in  eastern  Massauhu.Keti.s.     Hy  Myron 

L.  Fuller.     14  pp.     15  ets. 
The.genus  Anlennaria  in  Ne\v  England.    Hy  Mi'rritt  L.  Fernnld.   l;i  pp.  15  ets. 
'I  he  laud  mannnal.s  ,,f  penin.'^ular  Florida  and  the  eoa.st  region  of  Georgia,     lly 

Outrani  l'an.i;s.     "!>  pp.     75  cts. 
A  eontribution  to  the  petrography   of  the    Ho.ston    liasin.     By   Theedor,.    G. 

White.     40  pp.,  5  jilaies.     05  ets. 
C'lymeiu'  producta  sp.  nov.     Hy  .Margaret  Lewis.    5  pp.,  2  jilates.     15  'n.s. 
Tlie  Harvard  geographical  models.     By  \V.  M.  Davis.     •_>()  jip.,  4  i)late: .    25  ets. 
The  role  of  water  in  growth.    By  C.  B.  Davenport.     12  pp.     15  cts. 


